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cognitive_dissonance [2014/03/27 23:19] – old revision restored (2014/03/27 23:16) hkimscilcognitive_dissonance [2020/03/23 18:08] – hkimscil
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 ====== Cognitive Dissonance Theory ====== ====== Cognitive Dissonance Theory ======
 +출처: http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/psychology/cognitive_dissonance.html
  
-Cognitive Dissonance theory was first developed by Leon Festinger in 1956 after the publication of a book, [[wp>When_Prophecy_Fails|When Prophecy Fails]], written with co-authors Henry W. Riecken and Stanley Schachter, to explain how members of a UFO doomsday cult increased their commitment to the cult when a prophesied destruction of the Earth did not happen. The cult's leader, a certain Mrs Keech, had, seemingly, been advised by extra-terrestrials about the Earth's imminent destruction and was also assured by them that the cult, alone, was going to be rescued.+[{{:the_fox_and_the_grapes_-_project_gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg?192 |}}]Cognitive Dissonance theory was first developed by Leon Festinger in 1956 after the publication of a book, [[wp>When_Prophecy_Fails|When Prophecy Fails]], written with co-authors Henry W. Riecken and Stanley Schachter, to explain how members of a UFO doomsday cult increased their commitment to the cult when a prophesied destruction of the Earth did not happen. The cult's leader, a certain Mrs Keech, had, seemingly, been advised by extra-terrestrials about the Earth's imminent destruction and was also assured by them that the cult, alone, was going to be rescued ((see https://seanmunger.com/2015/02/04/the-day-the-saucers-didnt-come-the-story-of-when-prophecy-fails-part-i/)).
  
 In the course of his investigations Festinger, a trained psychologist, actually infiltrated the cult himself and was thus a first hand witness to the groups behavior in the wake of the non-fulfillment of their doomsday prophecy. In the course of his investigations Festinger, a trained psychologist, actually infiltrated the cult himself and was thus a first hand witness to the groups behavior in the wake of the non-fulfillment of their doomsday prophecy.
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   * Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.   * Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  
 +<WRAP BOX>
 +<WRAP group>
 <WRAP column half> <WRAP column half>
-<WRAP BOX left>**Festinger** +**<fs large>Festinger</fs>** \\ 
- +see [[:Prophecy from Planet Clarion]] \\ 
-See  [[wp>Cognitive_dissonance|Cognitive Dissonance]]. +See  [[wp>Cognitive_dissonance|Cognitive Dissonance]]. \\
 {{  :Festinger.jpg?100}} See also WikiPedia:Leon_Festinger {{  :Festinger.jpg?100}} See also WikiPedia:Leon_Festinger
   * Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.   * Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
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 Festinger and his colleague found that people didn't change their attitudes toward the beliefs even after the prophecy failed. . . .  Festinger and his colleague found that people didn't change their attitudes toward the beliefs even after the prophecy failed. . . . 
-</WRAP></WRAP>+</WRAP> 
 <WRAP column half> <WRAP column half>
-<WRAP BOX right> 
 **QUESTION?** **QUESTION?**
  
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     * If yes, people would not have started smoking in the first place . . . .      * If yes, people would not have started smoking in the first place . . . . 
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
-</WRAP>+</WRAP></WRAP>
 ====== Cognitive Dissonance ====== ====== Cognitive Dissonance ======
 +**__Boring experiment__**: \\
 +Students were asked to spend an hour on boring and tedious tasks. The tasks were designed to generate a strong, negative attitude. After the experiment, the experimenters asked some of them to do a simple favor. They were asked to talk to another subject (actually an actor) and persuade them that the tasks were interesting and engaging. Some participants were paid %%$%%20 (inflation adjusted to 2009, this equates to %%$%%148.40) for this favor, another group was paid %%$%%1 (or %%$%%7.42 in "2009 dollars"), and a control group was not asked to perform the favor.  
  
-__Boring experiment__ +Those who got paid one dollar showed more positive attitudes toward the experiment -- //It was interesting. . . .!//
- Students were asked to spend an hour on boring and tedious tasks. The tasks were designed to generate a strong, negative attitude. After the experiment, the experimenters asked some of them to do a simple favor. They were asked to talk to another subject (actually an actor) and persuade them that the tasks were interesting and engaging. Some participants were paid $20 (inflation adjusted to 2009, this equates to $148.40) for this favor, another group was paid $1 (or $7.42 in "2009 dollars"), and a control group was not asked to perform the favor.   +
- +
- Those who got paid one dollar showed more positive attitudes toward the experiment -- //It was interesting. . . .!//+
  
-____**Theory**____ : This is the feeling people have when they "find themselves doing things that don't fit with what they know, or having opinions that do not fit with other opinions they hold" (Festinger, 1957, p.4). +{{youtube>korGK0yGIDo|Cognitive Dissonance}} 
 +<WRAP clear /> 
 +\\ \\ 
 +<blockquote>"가령 우리가 사탕 하나나 담배 한 개비, 쌀 조금 때문에 자신을 팔았다면 자신이 그런 행동을 하게 되는 좀더 그럴 듯한 이유를 만들게 된다. 스스로 그런 행동을 하는 멍청이로 느끼지 않기 위해서 말이다. 자신이 꾸며낸 거짓말을 돌이킬 수 없다면 아예 자신의 믿음을 바꾸어 더 이상 부조화를 겪지 않아도 되고, 바보 얼간이가 된 것에서 스스로 벗어날 수 있는 것이다."</blockquote> 
 +http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000299971 
 +\\ \\ 
 +__**Theory**__ : \\  
 +This is the feeling people have when they "find themselves doing things that don't fit with what they know, or having opinions that do not fit with other opinions they hold" (Festinger, 1957, p.4). 
 [{{  :ProcessOfCognitiveDissonance.jpg?400|Process of Cognitive Dissonance}}] Individuals use cognitive structures for organizing new information -- **Schemata**. When new information is **inconsistent** with the cognitive structures that have been built previously, **dissonance** occurs. [{{  :ProcessOfCognitiveDissonance.jpg?400|Process of Cognitive Dissonance}}] Individuals use cognitive structures for organizing new information -- **Schemata**. When new information is **inconsistent** with the cognitive structures that have been built previously, **dissonance** occurs.
  
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 ===== Concepts ===== ===== Concepts =====
 +<WRAP column 45%>
 **Magnitude of dissonance**\\  **Magnitude of dissonance**\\ 
 There are degrees of discomfort -- not all dissonance is created equally. There are degrees of discomfort -- not all dissonance is created equally.
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     - Selective interpretation     - Selective interpretation
     - Selective hold of information     - Selective hold of information
 +</WRAP> 
 +<WRAP column 45%> 
 +태도와 행동 간의 부조화 감소방법 
 +  * 선별적 노출은 부조화를 방해한다 
 +  * 결정후의 부조화는 재확신을 만들어 낸다 
 +    * 중요성  
 +    * 노력 
 +    * 반복가능성 
 +  * 최소 정당화는 태도변화를 유도한다  
 +</WRAP>
 ===== Persuasion ===== ===== Persuasion =====
 **Postdecision theory** ??? The state of consonance and dissonance arises after one's decision (of behavior).  **Postdecision theory** ??? The state of consonance and dissonance arises after one's decision (of behavior). 
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 __Boomerang effect__ : __Boomerang effect__ :
   * If you create too much dissonance, the buyers (people) may decide to avoid the information or even dislike you, instead of changing their behavior.   * If you create too much dissonance, the buyers (people) may decide to avoid the information or even dislike you, instead of changing their behavior.
 +====== To do ======
 +  * 태도와 행동 간의 부조화 감소방법에서 설명된 3가지 가설을 자신의 예를 들어 설명하시오
 +  * 1 달러 실험과 같은 예를 우리 주변에서 찾아 설명하시오. 
 +
 +{{tag>"theory" "mass media theory" "dissonance" "balance" Festinger }}
 +
  
  
cognitive_dissonance.txt · Last modified: 2022/09/27 08:28 by hkimscil
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