zen_and_the_art_of_the_internet
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SEE [[https:// | SEE [[https:// | ||
{{: | {{: | ||
+ | [[./zen and the art of the internet/ | ||
- | < | + | |
- | Project Gutenberg' | + | * Acknowledgements |
- | + | | |
- | This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with | + | |
- | almost no restrictions whatsoever. | + | |
- | re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included | + | |
- | with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org | + | |
- | + | | |
- | ** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook, Details Below ** | + | |
- | ** | + | |
- | + | | |
- | Title: Zen and the Art of the Internet | + | |
- | + | | |
- | Author: Brendan P. Kehoe | + | |
- | + | | |
- | Posting Date: December 17, 2011 [EBook #34] | + | |
- | Release Date: June, 1992 | + | |
- | + | | |
- | Language: English | + | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZEN AND THE ART OF THE INTERNET *** | + | * cd |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | + | * The archie Server | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | Part A | + | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | Zen and the Art of the Internet | + | |
- | + | | |
- | Copyright (c) 1992 Brendan P. Kehoe | + | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this | + | * Signatures |
- | guide provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are | + | |
- | preserved on all copies. | + | |
- | + | | |
- | Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of | + | |
- | this booklet under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that | + | |
- | the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a | + | |
- | permission notice identical to this one. | + | |
- | + | | |
- | Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this | + | |
- | booklet into another language, under the above conditions for | + | |
- | modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated | + | |
- | in a translation approved by the author. | + | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | + | | |
- | Zen and the Art of the Internet | + | |
- | A Beginner' | + | |
- | First Edition | + | |
- | January 1992 | + | |
- | + | | |
- | by Brendan P. Kehoe | + | |
- | + | | |
- | This is revision 1.0 of February 2, 1992. | + | |
- | Copyright (c) 1992 Brendan P. Kehoe | + | |
- | + | | |
- | The composition of this booklet was originally started because the | + | |
- | Computer Science department at Widener University was in desperate | + | |
- | need of documentation describing the capabilities of this "great new | + | |
- | Internet link" we obtained. | + | |
- | + | | |
- | It's since grown into an effort to acquaint the reader with much of | + | |
- | what's currently available over the Internet. | + | |
- | user, it attempts to remain operating system " | + | |
- | information herein is specific to Unix, VMS, or any other | + | |
- | environment. This booklet will, hopefully, be usable by nearly | + | |
- | anyone. | + | |
- | + | | |
- | A user's session is usually offset from the rest of the paragraph, as | + | |
- | such: | + | * Other Uses of WHOIS |
- | + | | |
- | prompt> command | + | |
- | The results are usually displayed here. | + | |
- | + | | |
- | The purpose of this booklet is two-fold: first, it's intended to | + | |
- | serve as a reference piece, which someone can easily grab on the fly | + | |
- | and look something up. Also, it forms a foundation from which people | + | |
- | can explore the vast expanse of the Internet. | + | |
- | Internet doesn' | + | |
- | rather, it provides enough for people to learn the specifics of what | + | |
- | his or her local system offers. | + | |
- | + | | |
- | One warning is perhaps in order---this territory we are entering can | + | |
- | become a fantastic time-sink. | + | |
- | go, and you'll be locked into Cyberspace. | + | |
- | + | | |
- | With that, I welcome you, the new user, to The Net. | + | |
- | + | | |
- | brendan@cs.widener.edu | + | |
- | Chester, PA | + | |
- | + | | |
- | Acknowledgements | + | |
- | + | | |
- | Certain sections in this booklet are not my original work---rather, | + | |
- | they are derived from documents that were available on the Internet | + | |
- | and already aptly stated their areas of concentration. | + | |
- | on Usenet is, in large part, made up of what's posted monthly to | + | |
- | news.announce.newusers, | + | |
- | main section on archie was derived from whatis.archie by Peter | + | |
- | Deutsch of the McGill University Computing Centre. | + | |
- | via anonymous FTP from archie.mcgill.ca. | + | |
- | telnet section came from an impressive introductory document put | + | |
- | together by SuraNet. | + | |
- | excellent glossary put together by Colorado State University. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | This guide would not be the same without the aid of many people on The | + | |
- | Net, and the providers of resources that are already out there. | + | |
- | like to thank the folks who gave this a read-through and returned some | + | |
- | excellent comments, suggestions, | + | |
- | provided much-needed information on the fly. Glee Willis deserves | + | |
- | particular mention for all of his work; this guide would have been | + | |
- | considerably less polished without his help. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Andy Blankenbiller < | + | |
- | Andy Blankenbiller, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | bajan@cs.mcgill.ca | + | |
- | Alan Emtage, McGill University Computer Science Department | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Brian Fitzgerald < | + | |
- | Brian Fitzgerald, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | + | |
- | + | ||
- | John Goetsch < | + | |
- | John Goetsch, Rhodes University, South Africa | + | |
- | + | ||
- | composer@chem.bu.edu | + | |
- | Jeff Kellem, Boston University' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | kraussW@moravian.edu | + | |
- | Bill Krauss, Moravian College | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Steve Lodin < | + | |
- | Steve Lodin, Delco Electronics | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Mike Nesel < | + | |
- | Mike Nesel, NASA | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Bob < | + | |
- | Bob Neveln, Widener University Computer Science Department | + | |
- | + | ||
- | wamapi@dunkin.cc.mcgill.ca (Wanda Pierce) | + | |
- | Wanda Pierce, McGill University Computing Centre | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Joshua.R.Poulson@cyber.widener.edu | + | |
- | Joshua Poulson, Widener University Computing Services | + | |
- | + | ||
- | de5@ornl.gov | + | |
- | Dave Sill, Oak Ridge National Laboratory | + | |
- | + | ||
- | bsmart@bsmart.tti.com | + | |
- | Bob Smart, CitiCorp/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | emv@msen.com | + | |
- | Ed Vielmetti, Vice President of MSEN | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Craig E. Ward < | + | |
- | Craig Ward, USC/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Glee Willis < | + | |
- | Glee Willis, University of Nevada, Reno | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Charles Yamasaki < | + | |
- | Chip Yamasaki, OSHA | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Network Basics | + | |
- | + | ||
- | We are truly in an information society. | + | |
- | vast amounts of information quickly across great distances is one of | + | |
- | our most pressing needs. | + | |
- | efforts, to the largest of corporations, | + | |
- | people are discovering that the only way to be successful in the '90s | + | |
- | and beyond is to realize that technology is advancing at a break-neck | + | |
- | pace---and they must somehow keep up. Likewise, researchers from all | + | |
- | corners of the earth are finding that their work thrives in a | + | |
- | networked environment. | + | |
- | and a " | + | |
- | papers affords them the ability to encorporate a body of knowledge | + | |
- | heretofore unthinkable. | + | |
- | conferences with each other, paying no heed to physical | + | |
- | location---the possibilities are endless. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | You have at your fingertips the ability to talk in " | + | |
- | someone in Japan, send a 2,000-word short story to a group of people | + | |
- | who will critique it for the sheer pleasure of doing so, see if a | + | |
- | Macintosh sitting in a lab in Canada is turned on, and find out if | + | |
- | someone happens to be sitting in front of their computer (logged on) | + | |
- | in Australia, all inside of thirty minutes. | + | |
- | for that matter) could ever match that travel itinerary. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The largest problem people face when first using a network is | + | |
- | grasping all that's available. | + | |
- | surprised when they discover a new service or feature that they' | + | |
- | never known even existed. | + | |
- | sufficiently comfortable with making occasional mistakes, the | + | |
- | learning process will drastically speed up. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Domains | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Getting where you want to go can often be one of the more difficult | + | |
- | aspects of using networks. | + | |
- | will probably leave a blank stare on your face at first. | + | |
- | there is a method to this apparent madness. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If someone were to ask for a home address, they would probably expect | + | |
- | a street, apartment, city, state, and zip code. That's all the | + | |
- | information the post office needs to deliver mail in a reasonably | + | |
- | speedy fashion. | + | |
- | them. The general form is: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | a person' | + | |
- | a computer' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The user portion is usually the person' | + | |
- | system, though it doesn' | + | |
- | you the name of a system or location, and what kind of organization it | + | |
- | is. The trailing domain is often one of the following: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | com | + | |
- | Usually a company or other commercial institution or organization, | + | |
- | like Convex Computers (convex.com). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | edu | + | |
- | An educational institution, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | gov | + | |
- | A government site; for example, NASA is nasa.gov. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | mil | + | |
- | A military site, like the Air Force (af.mil). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | net | + | |
- | Gateways and other administrative hosts for a network (it does not | + | |
- | mean all of the hosts in a network). {The Matrix, 111. One such | + | |
- | gateway is near.net.} | + | |
- | + | ||
- | org | + | |
- | This is a domain reserved for private organizations, | + | |
- | comfortably fit in the other classes of domains. | + | |
- | Electronic Frontier Foundation named eff.org. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Each country also has its own top-level domain. | + | |
- | us domain includes each of the fifty states. | + | |
- | represented with domains include: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | au Australia | + | |
- | ca Canada | + | |
- | fr France | + | |
- | uk The United Kingdom. | + | |
- | ac.uk for academic sites and co.uk for commercial ones. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The proper terminology for a site's domain name (somewhere.domain | + | |
- | above) is its Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN). | + | |
- | selected to give a clear indication of the site's organization or | + | |
- | sponsoring agent. | + | |
- | Technology' | + | |
- | is apple.com. | + | |
- | are the occasional exceptions that are ambiguous enough to | + | |
- | mislead---like vt.edu, which on first impulse one might surmise is an | + | |
- | educational institution of some sort in Vermont; not so. It's | + | |
- | actually the domain name for Virginia Tech. In most cases it's | + | |
- | relatively easy to glean the meaning of a domain name---such | + | |
- | confusion is far from the norm. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Internet Numbers | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Every single machine on the Internet has a unique address, {At least | + | |
- | one address, possibly two or even three---but we won' | + | |
- | that.} called its Internet number or IP Address. | + | |
- | 32-bit number, but is most commonly represented as four numbers | + | |
- | joined by periods (.), like 147.31.254.130. This is sometimes also | + | |
- | called a dotted quad; there are literally thousands of different | + | |
- | possible dotted quads. | + | |
- | originally only had the capacity to have up to 256 systems on it | + | |
- | because of the way each system was addressed. | + | |
- | it became clear that things would fast outgrow such a small limit; | + | |
- | the 32-bit addressing method was born, freeing thousands of host | + | |
- | numbers. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Each piece of an Internet address (like 192) is called an " | + | |
- | representing one of four sets of eight bits. The first two or three | + | |
- | pieces (e.g. 192.55.239) represent the network that a system is on, | + | |
- | called its subnet. | + | |
- | University are in the subnet 129.133. They can have numbers like | + | |
- | 129.133.10.10, | + | |
- | combinations (possible computers). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | IP addresses and domain names aren't assigned arbitrarily---that | + | |
- | would lead to unbelievable confusion. | + | |
- | with the Network Information Center (NIC), either electronically (to | + | |
- | hostmaster@nic.ddn.mil) or via regular mail. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Resolving Names and Numbers | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Ok, computers can be referred to by either their FQDN or their | + | |
- | Internet address. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | They aren' | + | |
- | method. | + | |
- | than numbers in most cases, the FQDN for each host is mapped to its | + | |
- | Internet number. | + | |
- | domain, which provides all of the necessary information to go from a | + | |
- | domain name to an IP address, and vice-versa. | + | |
- | someone refers to foosun.bar.com, | + | |
- | ask the system foovax.bar.com about systems in bar.com. | + | |
- | Internet address foosun.bar.com has; if the name foosun.bar.com | + | |
- | really exists, foovax will send back its number. | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Rarely will a user have to remember the Internet number of a site | + | |
- | (although often you'll catch yourself remembering an apparently | + | |
- | obscure number, simply because you've accessed the system | + | |
- | frequently). However, you will remember a substantial number of | + | |
- | FQDNs. | + | |
- | reasonably accurate guess at what domain name a certain college, | + | |
- | university, or company might have, given just their name. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Networks | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Internet | + | |
- | The Internet is a large " | + | |
- | one network known as The Internet; rather, regional nets like SuraNet, | + | |
- | PrepNet, NearNet, et al., are all inter-connected | + | |
- | (nay, " | + | |
- | communicating at amazing speeds with the TCP/IP protocol. | + | |
- | activity takes place in " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | UUCP | + | |
- | The UUCP network is a loose association of systems all communicating | + | |
- | with the UUCP protocol. | + | |
- | Program' | + | |
- | specified intervals, called polling, and executing any work | + | |
- | scheduled for either of them. Historically most UUCP was done with | + | |
- | Unix equipment, although the software' | + | |
- | other platforms (e.g. VMS). For example, the system oregano | + | |
- | polls the system basil once every two hours. | + | |
- | mail waiting for oregano, basil will send it at that time; | + | |
- | likewise, oregano will at that time send any jobs waiting for | + | |
- | basil. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | BITNET | + | |
- | BITNET (the " | + | |
- | connected by point-to-point links, all running the NJE protocol. | + | |
- | It's continued to grow, but has found itself suffering at the hands of | + | |
- | the falling costs of Internet connections. | + | |
- | gateways are in place to reach users on other networks. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Physical Connection | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The actual connections between the various networks take a variety of | + | |
- | forms. | + | |
- | (dedicated telephone lines carrying 56kilobit-per-second connections) | + | |
- | and T1 links (special phone lines with 1Mbps connections). | + | |
- | installed are T3 links, acting as backbones between major locations | + | |
- | to carry a massive 45Mbps load of traffic. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | These links are paid for by each institution to a local carrier (for | + | |
- | example, Bell Atlantic owns PrepNet, the main provider in | + | |
- | Pennsylvania). | + | |
- | Internet traffic (packets) over high-speed modems. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | UUCP links are made with modems (for the most part), that run from | + | |
- | 1200 baud all the way up to as high as 38.4Kbps. | + | |
- | The Networks, the connections are of the store-and-forward | + | |
- | variety. | + | |
- | weren' | + | |
- | over TCP/IP connections, | + | |
- | blindingly fast " | + | |
- | network as a whole. | + | |
- | 1970' | + | |
- | UUCP can Joe Smith correspond with someone across the country or | + | |
- | around the world, for the price of a local telephone call. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | BITNET links mostly take the form of 9600bps modems connected from site | + | |
- | to site. Often places have three or more links going; the majority, | + | |
- | however, look to " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | "The Glory and the Nothing of a Name" | + | |
- | Byron, {Churchill' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ----------- | + | |
- | Electronic Mail | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The desire to communicate is the essence of networking. | + | |
- | always wanted to correspond with each other in the fastest way | + | |
- | possible, short of normal conversation. | + | |
- | email) is the most prevalent application of this in computer | + | |
- | networking. | + | |
- | to spend much time worrying about how the message actually gets | + | |
- | delivered. | + | |
- | part of daily life, the need to understand the many ways it can be | + | |
- | utilized and how it works, at least to some level, is vital. | + | |
- | part of daily life (as has been evidenced by the ISDN effort, the need | + | |
- | to understand the many ways it can be utilized and how it works, at | + | |
- | least to some level, is vital. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Email Addresses | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Electronic mail is hinged around the concept of an address; the | + | |
- | section on Networking Basics made some reference to it while | + | |
- | introducing domains. | + | |
- | information required to get a message to you from anywhere in the | + | |
- | world. | + | |
- | It could be an archive server, {See Archive Servers, for a | + | |
- | description.} a list of people, or even someone' | + | |
- | These cases are the exception to the norm---mail to most addresses is | + | |
- | read by human beings. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | %@!.: Symbolic Cacophony | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Email addresses usually appear in one of two forms---using the | + | |
- | Internet format which contains @, an " | + | |
- | UUCP format which contains !, an exclamation point, also called | + | |
- | a " | + | |
- | restrictive, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To reach Jim Morrison on the system south.america.org, | + | |
- | address the mail as jm@south.america.org. | + | |
- | on a UUCP site named brazil, then his address would be brazil!jm. | + | |
- | it's possible (and one exists), try to use the Internet form of an | + | |
- | address; bang paths can fail if an intermediate site in the path | + | |
- | happens to be down. There is a growing trend for UUCP sites to | + | |
- | register Internet domain names, to help alleviate the problem of path | + | |
- | failures. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Another symbol that enters the fray is %---it acts as an extra | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | to south.america.org, | + | |
- | own, a user debbie on dream can be reached by writing to the address | + | |
- | not smallexample! | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The form is significant. | + | |
- | should first send the mail to south.america.org. | + | |
- | debbie%dream will turn into debbie@dream, | + | |
- | valid address. | + | |
- | to the host dream, where it will be delivered locally to debbie. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | All of the intricacies of email addressing methods are fully covered | + | |
- | in the book " | + | |
- | Networks" | + | |
- | Nutshell Handbook series. | + | |
- | Write to nuts@ora.com for ordering information. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Sending and Receiving Mail | + | |
- | + | ||
- | We'll make one quick diversion from being OS-neuter here, to show you | + | |
- | what it will look like to send and receive a mail message on a Unix | + | |
- | system. | + | |
- | instructions related to mail at your site. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A person sending the author mail would probably do something like this: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | % mail brendan@cs.widener.edu | + | |
- | Subject: print job's stuck | + | |
- | + | ||
- | I typed `print babe.gif' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The next time the author checked his mail, he would see it listed in | + | |
- | his mailbox as: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | "/ | + | |
- | U 1 joeuser@foo.widene Tue May 5 20:36 | + | |
- | ? | + | |
- | + | ||
- | which gives information on the sender of the email, when it was sent, | + | |
- | and the subject of the message. | + | |
- | reply command of Unix mail to send this response: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ? r | + | |
- | To: joeuser@@foo.widener.edu | + | |
- | Subject: Re: print job's stuck | + | |
- | + | ||
- | You shouldn' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Brendan | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Try sending yourself mail a few times, to get used to your system' | + | |
- | mailer. | + | |
- | system administrator. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Anatomy of a Mail Header | + | |
- | + | ||
- | An electronic mail message has a specific structure to it that' | + | |
- | common across every type of computer system. {The standard is written | + | |
- | down in RFC-822. See also RFCs for more info on how to get copies of | + | |
- | the various RFCs.} A sample would be: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | >From bush@hq.mil Sat May 25 17:06:01 1991 | + | |
- | Received: from hq.mil by house.gov with SMTP id AA21901 | + | |
- | (4.1/SMI for dan@house.gov); | + | |
- | Date: Sat, 25 May 91 17:05:56 -0400 | + | |
- | From: The President < | + | |
- | Message-Id: < | + | |
- | To: dan@senate.gov | + | |
- | Subject: Meeting | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Hi Dan .. we have a meeting at 9:30 a.m. with the Joint Chiefs. Please | + | |
- | don't oversleep this time. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The first line, with From and the two lines for Received: are usually | + | |
- | not very interesting. | + | |
- | is coming from (as opposed to the address you should reply to, which | + | |
- | may look much different), and what places the mail went through to | + | |
- | get to you. Over the Internet, there is always at least one | + | |
- | Received: header and usually no more than four or five. When a | + | |
- | message is sent using UUCP, one Received: header is added for each | + | |
- | system that the mail passes through. | + | |
- | than a dozen Received: headers. | + | |
- | problems in mail delivery, odds are the average user will never want | + | |
- | to see them. Most mail programs will filter out this kind of | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Date: header contains the date and time the message was | + | |
- | sent. Likewise, the " | + | |
- | is laid out in the From: header. | + | |
- | the full name of the person (in this case The President), and | + | |
- | may look different, but it should always contain an email address of | + | |
- | some form. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Message-ID: of a message is intended mainly for tracing | + | |
- | mail routing, and is rarely of interest to normal users. | + | |
- | Message-ID: is guaranteed to be unique. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To: lists the email address (or addresses) of the recipients of | + | |
- | the message. | + | |
- | addresses. | + | |
- | Subject: header. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The exact order of a message' | + | |
- | but it will always include these fundamental headers that are vital to | + | |
- | proper delivery. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Bounced Mail | + | |
- | + | ||
- | When an email address is incorrect in some way (the system' | + | |
- | wrong, the domain doesn' | + | |
- | bounce the message back to the sender, much the same way that the | + | |
- | Postal Service does when you send a letter to a bad street address. | + | |
- | The message will include the reason for the bounce; a common error is | + | |
- | addressing mail to an account name that doesn' | + | |
- | writing to Lisa Simpson at Widener University' | + | |
- | department will fail, because she doesn' | + | |
- | she asked, we'd certainly give her one.} | + | |
- | + | ||
- | From: Mail Delivery Subsystem < | + | |
- | Date: Sat, 25 May 91 16:45:14 -0400 | + | |
- | To: mg@gracie.com | + | |
- | Cc: Postmaster@cs.widener.edu | + | |
- | Subject: Returned mail: User unknown | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ----- Transcript of session follows ----- | + | |
- | While talking to cs.widener.edu: | + | |
- | >>> | + | |
- | <<< | + | |
- | 550 lsimpson... User unknown | + | |
- | + | ||
- | As you can see, a carbon copy of the message (the Cc: header | + | |
- | entry) was sent to the postmaster of Widener' | + | |
- | Postmaster is responsible for maintaining a reliable mail system | + | |
- | on his system. | + | |
- | in getting your mail where it's supposed to go. If a typing error was | + | |
- | made, then try re-sending the message. | + | |
- | address is correct, contact the postmaster of the site directly and | + | |
- | ask him how to properly address it. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The message also includes the text of the mail, so you don't have to | + | |
- | retype everything you wrote. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ----- Unsent message follows ----- | + | |
- | Received: by cs.widener.edu id AA06528; Sat, 25 May 91 16:45:14 -0400 | + | |
- | Date: Sat, 25 May 91 16:45:14 -0400 | + | |
- | From: Matt Groening < | + | |
- | Message-Id: < | + | |
- | To: lsimpson@cs.widener.edu | + | |
- | Subject: Scripting your future episodes | + | |
- | Reply-To: writing-group@gracie.com | + | |
- | + | ||
- | .... verbiage ... | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The full text of the message is returned intact, including any headers | + | |
- | that were added. | + | |
- | back into the mail system with a proper address, making redelivery a | + | |
- | relatively painless process. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Mailing Lists | + | |
- | + | ||
- | People that share common interests are inclined to discuss their | + | |
- | hobby or interest at every available opportunity. | + | |
- | aid in this exchange of information is by using a mailing | + | |
- | list---usually an email address that redistributes all mail sent to | + | |
- | it back out to a list of addresses. | + | |
- | mailing list (of interest to people that administer computers | + | |
- | manufactured by Sun) has the address sun-managers@eecs.nwu.edu. | + | |
- | mail sent to that address will " | + | |
- | in a file maintained on a computer at Northwestern University. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Administrative tasks (sometimes referred to as administrivia) are | + | |
- | often handled through other addresses, typically with the suffix | + | |
- | -request. | + | |
- | from the Sun Managers list should be sent to | + | |
- | sun-managers-request@eecs.nwu.edu. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | When in doubt, try to write to the -request version of a mailing list | + | |
- | address first; the other people on the list aren't interested in your | + | |
- | desire to be added or deleted, and can certainly do nothing to | + | |
- | expedite your request. | + | |
- | (remember, this is all peripheral to real jobs and real work), many | + | |
- | users find it necessary to ask again and again, often with harsher | + | |
- | and harsher language, to be removed from a list. This does nothing | + | |
- | more than waste traffic and bother everyone else receiving the | + | |
- | messages. | + | |
- | succeeded to be removed from a mailing list, write to the postmaster | + | |
- | at that site and see if they can help. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Exercise caution when replying to a message sent by a mailing list. If | + | |
- | you wish to respond to the author only, make sure that the only | + | |
- | address you're replying to is that person, and not the entire list. | + | |
- | Often messages of the sort "Yes, I agree with you completely!" | + | |
- | appear on a list, boring the daylights out of the other readers. | + | |
- | if you explicitly do want to send the message to the whole list, | + | |
- | you'll save yourself some time by checking to make sure it's indeed | + | |
- | headed to the whole list and not a single person. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A list of the currently available mailing lists is available in at | + | |
- | least two places; the first is in a file on ftp.nisc.sri.com called | + | |
- | interest-groups under the netinfo/ directory. It's updated fairly | + | |
- | regularly, but is large (presently around 700K), so only get it every | + | |
- | once in a while. | + | |
- | (spaf@cs.purdue.edu), | + | |
- | news.lists semi-regularly. (Usenet News, for info on how to read that | + | |
- | and other newsgroups.) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Listservs | + | |
- | + | ||
- | On BITNET there' | + | |
- | called the listserv. | + | |
- | overworked human take care of additions and removals from a list, a | + | |
- | program performs these and other tasks by responding to a set of | + | |
- | user-driven commands. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Areas of interest are wide and varied---ETHICS-L deals with ethics in | + | |
- | computing, while ADND-L has to do with a role-playing game. A full | + | |
- | list of the available BITNET lists can be obtained by writing to | + | |
- | LISTSERV@BITNIC.BITNET with a body containing the command | + | |
- | + | ||
- | list global | + | |
- | + | ||
- | However, be sparing in your use of this---see if it's already on your | + | |
- | system somewhere. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The most fundamental command is subscribe. | + | |
- | listserv to add the sender to a specific list. The usage is | + | |
- | + | ||
- | subscribe foo-l Your Real Name | + | |
- | + | ||
- | It will respond with a message either saying that you've been added to | + | |
- | the list, or that the request has been passed on to the system on | + | |
- | which the list is actually maintained. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The mate to subscribe is, naturally, unsubscribe. | + | |
- | given address from a BITNET list. It, along with all other listserv | + | |
- | commands, can be abbreviated---subscribe as sub, unsubscribe as | + | |
- | unsub, etc. For a full list of the available listserv commands, | + | |
- | write to LISTSERV@BITNIC.BITNET, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | As an aside, there have been implementations of the listserv system | + | |
- | for non-BITNET hosts (more specifically, | + | |
- | most complete is available on cs.bu.edu in the | + | |
- | directory pub/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | "I made this letter longer than usual because | + | |
- | I lack the time to make it shorter." | + | |
- | Pascal, Provincial Letters XVI | + | |
- | + | ||
- | -------------- | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Anonymous FTP | + | |
- | + | ||
- | FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is the primary method of transferring | + | |
- | files over the Internet. | + | |
- | program that implements the protocol. Given proper permission, it's | + | |
- | possible to copy a file from a computer in South Africa to one in Los | + | |
- | Angeles at very fast speeds (on the order of 5--10K per second). | + | |
- | This normally requires either a user id on both systems or a special | + | |
- | configuration set up by the system administrator(s). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | There is a good way around this restriction---the anonymous FTP | + | |
- | service. | + | |
- | a certain area of disk space in a non-threatening way. With this, | + | |
- | people can make files publicly available with little hassle. | + | |
- | systems have dedicated entire disks or even entire computers to | + | |
- | maintaining extensive archives of source code and information. | + | |
- | include gatekeeper.dec.com (Digital), wuarchive.wustl.edu (Washington | + | |
- | University in Saint Louis), and archive.cis.ohio-state.edu (The Ohio | + | |
- | State University). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The process involves the " | + | |
- | itself) creating an FTP connection and logging into the system as the | + | |
- | user anonymous, with an arbitrary password: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Name (foo.site.com: | + | |
- | Password: jm@south.america.org | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Custom and netiquette dictate that people respond to the | + | |
- | Password: query with an email address so that the sites can | + | |
- | track the level of FTP usage, if they desire. | + | |
- | information on email addresses). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The speed of the transfer depends on the speed of the underlying | + | |
- | link. A site that has a 9600bps SLIP connection will not get the same | + | |
- | throughput as a system with a 56k leased line (The Physical | + | |
- | Connection, for more on what kinds of connections can exist in a | + | |
- | network). | + | |
- | affect performance. | + | |
- | site simultaneously, | + | |
- | network connection) will degrade the overall throughput of the | + | |
- | transfer. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | FTP Etiquette | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Lest we forget, the Internet is there for people to do work. People | + | |
- | using the network and the systems on it are doing so for a purpose, | + | |
- | whether it be research, development, | + | |
- | takes away from the overall performance of the network as a whole. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The effects of an FTP connection on a site and its link can vary; the | + | |
- | general rule of thumb is that any extra traffic created detracts from | + | |
- | the ability of that site's users to perform their tasks. | + | |
- | considerate of this, it's highly recommended that FTP sessions | + | |
- | be held only after normal business hours for that site, preferably | + | |
- | late at night. | + | |
- | destructive at 2 a.m. than 2 p.m. Also, remember that if it's past | + | |
- | dinner time in Maine, it's still early afternoon in California---think | + | |
- | in terms of the current time at the site that's being visited, not of | + | |
- | local time. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Basic Commands | + | |
- | + | ||
- | While there have been many extensions to the various FTP clients out | + | |
- | there, there is a de facto " | + | |
- | work. For more specific information, | + | |
- | specific FTP program. | + | |
- | commands needed to operate an FTP session. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Creating the Connection | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The actual command to use FTP will vary among operating systems; for | + | |
- | the sake of clarity, we'll use FTP here, since it's the most | + | |
- | general form. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | There are two ways to connect to a system---using its hostname | + | |
- | or its Internet number. | + | |
- | However, some sites aren't able to resolve hostnames properly, | + | |
- | and have no alternative. | + | |
- | for simplicity' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp somewhere.domain | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Domains for help with reading and using domain names | + | |
- | (in the example below, somewhere.domain is ftp.uu.net). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | You must first know the name of the system you want to connect to. | + | |
- | We'll use ftp.uu.net as an example. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp ftp.uu.net | + | |
- | + | ||
- | (the actual syntax will vary depending on the type of system the | + | |
- | connection' | + | |
- | with the message | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Connected to ftp.uu.net. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | and an initial prompt will appear: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | 220 uunet FTP server (Version 5.100 Mon Feb 11 17:13:28 EST 1991) ready. | + | |
- | Name (ftp.uu.net: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | to which you should respond with anonymous: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | 220 uunet FTP server (Version 5.100 Mon Feb 11 17:13:28 EST 1991) ready. | + | |
- | Name (ftp.uu.net: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The system will then prompt you for a password; as noted previously, a | + | |
- | good response is your email address: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | 331 Guest login ok, send ident as password. | + | |
- | Password: jm@south.america.org | + | |
- | 230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply. | + | |
- | ftp> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The password itself will not echo. This is to protect a user' | + | |
- | security when he or she is using a real account to FTP files between | + | |
- | machines. | + | |
- | logged in and ready to go. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Notice the ftp.uu.net: | + | |
- | another clue that anonymous FTP is special: FTP expects a normal user | + | |
- | accounts to be used for transfers. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | dir | + | |
- | At the ftp> prompt, you can type a number of commands to perform | + | |
- | various functions. | + | |
- | in the current directory. Continuing the example from above: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> dir | + | |
- | + | ||
- | 200 PORT command successful. | + | |
- | 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls. | + | |
- | total 3116 | + | |
- | drwxr-xr-x | + | |
- | -rw-rw-r-- | + | |
- | drwxrwxr-x | + | |
- | drwxrwxr-x | + | |
- | ... etc etc ... | + | |
- | -rw-rw-r-- | + | |
- | ... etc etc ... | + | |
- | -rw-rw-r-- | + | |
- | drwxrwxr-x | + | |
- | + | ||
- | 226 Transfer complete. | + | |
- | 5414 bytes received in 1.1 seconds (4.9 Kbytes/s) | + | |
- | ftp> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The file newthisweek.Z was specifically included because we' | + | |
- | be using it later. | + | |
- | listing of all of the files added to UUNET' | + | |
- | week. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The directory shown is on a machine running the Unix operating | + | |
- | system---the dir command will produce different results on other | + | |
- | operating systems (e.g. TOPS, VMS, et al.). Learning to recognize | + | |
- | different formats will take some time. After a few weeks of | + | |
- | traversing the Internet, it proves easier to see, for example, how | + | |
- | large a file is on an operating system you're otherwise not acquainted | + | |
- | with. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | With many FTP implementations, | + | |
- | of dir and put it into a file on the local system with | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> dir n* outfilename | + | |
- | + | ||
- | the contents of which can then be read outside of the live FTP | + | |
- | connection; this is particularly useful for systems with very long | + | |
- | directories (like ftp.uu.net). | + | |
- | names of every file that begins with an n into the local file | + | |
- | outfilename. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | cd | + | |
- | + | ||
- | At the beginning of an FTP session, the user is in a " | + | |
- | directory. | + | |
- | change the current directory, one uses the cd command. | + | |
- | the directory pub, for example, one would type | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> cd pub | + | |
- | + | ||
- | which would elicit the response | + | |
- | + | ||
- | 250 CWD command successful. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Meaning the " | + | |
- | properly. | + | |
- | use the command cd .., and in VMS, cd [-]. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | get and put | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The actual transfer is performed with the get and put | + | |
- | commands. | + | |
- | system, the command takes the form: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> get filename | + | |
- | + | ||
- | where filename is the file on the remote system. | + | |
- | ftp.uu.net as an example, the file newthisweek.Z can be | + | |
- | retrieved with | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> get newthisweek.Z | + | |
- | 200 PORT command successful. | + | |
- | 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for newthisweek.Z (42390 bytes). | + | |
- | 226 Transfer complete. | + | |
- | local: newthisweek.Z remote: newthisweek.Z | + | |
- | 42553 bytes received in 6.9 seconds (6 Kbytes/s) | + | |
- | ftp> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The section below on using binary mode instead of ASCII will describe | + | |
- | why this particular choice will result in a corrupt and subsequently | + | |
- | unusable file. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If, for some reason, you want to save a file under a different name | + | |
- | (e.g. your system can only have 14-character filenames, or can only | + | |
- | have one dot in the name), you can specify what the local filename | + | |
- | should be by providing get with an additional argument | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> get newthisweek.Z uunet-new | + | |
- | + | ||
- | which will place the contents of the file newthisweek.Z in | + | |
- | uunet-new on the local system. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The transfer works the other way, too. The put command will | + | |
- | transfer a file from the local system to the remote system. | + | |
- | permissions are set up for an FTP session to write to a remote | + | |
- | directory, a file can be sent with | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> put filename | + | |
- | + | ||
- | As with get, put will take a third argument, letting you | + | |
- | specify a different name for the file on the remote system. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ASCII vs Binary | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In the example above, the file newthisweek.Z was transferred, | + | |
- | supposedly not correctly. | + | |
- | transfer (the default), certain characters are translated between | + | |
- | systems, to help make text files more readable. | + | |
- | files (those containing non-ASCII characters) are transferred, | + | |
- | translation should not take place. | + | |
- | program---a few changed characters can render it completely useless. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To avoid this problem, it's possible to be in one of two modes---ASCII | + | |
- | or binary. | + | |
- | What's on the remote system is precisely what's received. | + | |
- | commands to go between the two modes are: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> ascii | + | |
- | 200 Type set to A. (Note the A, which signifies ASCII mode.) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> binary | + | |
- | 200 Type set to I. (Set to Image format, for pure binary transfers.) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Note that each command need only be done once to take effect; if the | + | |
- | user types binary, all transfers in that session are done in | + | |
- | binary mode (that is, unless ascii is typed later). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The transfer of newthisweek.Z will work if done as: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> binary | + | |
- | 200 Type set to I. | + | |
- | ftp> get newthisweek.Z | + | |
- | 200 PORT command successful. | + | |
- | 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for newthisweek.Z (42390 bytes). | + | |
- | 226 Transfer complete. | + | |
- | local: newthisweek.Z remote: newthisweek.Z | + | |
- | 42390 bytes received in 7.2 seconds (5.8 Kbytes/s) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Note: The file size (42390) is different from that done | + | |
- | in ASCII mode (42553) bytes; and the number 42390 matches the one | + | |
- | in the listing of UUNET' | + | |
- | that we've received the file without any problems. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | mget and mput | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The commands mget and mput allow for multiple file | + | |
- | transfers using wildcards to get several files, or a whole set of | + | |
- | files at once, rather than having to do it manually one by one. For | + | |
- | example, to get all files that begin with the letter f, one | + | |
- | would type | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> mget f* | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Similarly, to put all of the local files that end with .c: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> mput *.c | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Rather than reiterate what's been written a hundred times before, | + | |
- | consult a local manual for more information on wildcard matching | + | |
- | (every DOS manual, for example, has a section on it). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Normally, FTP assumes a user wants to be prompted for every file in a | + | |
- | mget or mput operation. | + | |
- | files and not have each of them confirmed---you know they' | + | |
- | right. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ftp> prompt | + | |
- | Interactive mode off. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Likewise, to turn it back on, the prompt command should simply | + | |
- | be issued again. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Joe Granrose' | + | |
- | Monthly, Joe Granrose (odin@pilot.njin.net) posts to Usenet | + | |
- | (Usenet News) an extensive list of sites offering anonymous FTP | + | |
- | service. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Usenet groups comp.misc and comp.sources.wanted | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Anonymous FTP from pilot.njin.net [128.6.7.38], | + | |
- | / | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Write to odin@pilot.njin.net with a Subject: line of listserv-request | + | |
- | and a message body of send help. Please don't bother Joe with your | + | |
- | requests---the server will provide you with the list. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The archie Server | + | |
- | archie is always in lowercase | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A group of people at McGill University in Canada got together and created a | + | |
- | query system called archie. | + | |
- | quick and easy way to scan the offerings of the many anonymous FTP | + | |
- | sites that are maintained around the world. | + | |
- | archie grew to include other valuable services as well. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The archie service is accessible through an interactive telnet | + | |
- | session, email queries, and command-line and X-window clients. | + | |
- | email responses can be used along with FTPmail servers for those not | + | |
- | on the Internet. | + | |
- | servers.) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Using archie Today | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Currently, archie tracks the contents of over 800 anonymous FTP | + | |
- | archive sites containing over a million files stored across the | + | |
- | Internet. | + | |
- | of information, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The archie server automatically updates the listing information from | + | |
- | each site about once a month. | + | |
- | databases, which could waste network resources, yet ensures that the | + | |
- | information on each site's holdings is reasonably up to date. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To access archie interactively, | + | |
- | servers. {See Telnet, for notes on using the telnet program.} They | + | |
- | include | + | |
- | + | ||
- | archie.ans.net (New York, USA) | + | |
- | archie.rutgers.edu (New Jersey, USA) | + | |
- | archie.sura.net (Maryland, USA) | + | |
- | archie.unl.edu (Nebraska, USA) | + | |
- | archie.mcgill.ca (the first Archie server, in Canada) | + | |
- | archie.funet.fi (Finland) | + | |
- | archie.au (Australia) | + | |
- | archie.doc.ic.ac.uk (Great Britain) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | At the login: prompt of one of the servers, enter archie to log in. | + | |
- | A greeting will be displayed, detailing information about ongoing | + | |
- | work in the archie project; the user will be left at a archie> | + | |
- | prompt, at which he may enter commands. | + | |
- | instructions on using the prog command to make queries, set to | + | |
- | control various aspects of the server' | + | |
- | at the prompt to leave archie. | + | |
- | yield a list of the systems that offer the source to the X-windows | + | |
- | program vine; a piece of the information returned looks like: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Host ftp.uu.net | + | |
- | Last updated 10:30 7 Jan 1992 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Location: / | + | |
- | FILE rw-r--r-- | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Host nic.funet.fi | + | |
- | Last updated 05:07 4 Jan 1992 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Location: / | + | |
- | FILE rw-rw-r-- | + | |
- | + | ||
- | archie Clients | + | |
- | + | ||
- | There are two main-stream archie clients, one called (naturally | + | |
- | enough) archie, the other xarchie (for X-Windows). | + | |
- | archie databases and yield a list of systems that have the requested | + | |
- | file(s) available for anonymous FTP, without requiring an interactive | + | |
- | session to the server. | + | |
- | tried with the server command prog, you could type | + | |
- | + | ||
- | % archie vine.tar.Z | + | |
- | Host athene.uni-paderborn.de | + | |
- | Location: / | + | |
- | FILE -rw-r--r-- | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Host emx.utexas.edu | + | |
- | Location: / | + | |
- | FILE -rw-r--r-- | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Host export.lcs.mit.edu | + | |
- | Location: /contrib | + | |
- | FILE -rw-r--r-- | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Note that your system administrator may not have installed the archie | + | |
- | clients yet; the source is available on each of the archie servers, in | + | |
- | the directory archie/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Using the X-windows client is much more intuitive---if it's installed, | + | |
- | just read its man page and give it a whirl. | + | |
- | networked desktop. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Mailing archie | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Users limited to email connectivity to the Internet should send a | + | |
- | message to the address archie@archie.mcgill.ca with the single word | + | |
- | help in the body of the message. | + | |
- | explaining how to use the email archie server, along with the details | + | |
- | of using FTPmail. | + | |
- | interface can be used with the mail server. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The whatis database | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In addition to offering access to anonymous FTP listings, archie also | + | |
- | permits access to the whatis description database. | + | |
- | the names and brief synopses for over 3,500 public domain software | + | |
- | packages, datasets and informational documents located on the | + | |
- | Internet. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Additional whatis databases are scheduled to be added in the | + | |
- | future. Planned offerings include listings for the names and locations | + | |
- | of online library catalog programs, the names of publicly accessible | + | |
- | electronic mailing lists, compilations of Frequently Asked Questions | + | |
- | lists, and archive sites for the most popular Usenet newsgroups. | + | |
- | Suggestions for additional descriptions or locations databases are | + | |
- | welcomed and should be sent to the archie developers at | + | |
- | archie-l@cs.mcgill.ca. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | "Was f@"ur pl@" | + | |
- | ("What a place to plunder!" | + | |
- | Gebhard Leberecht Bl@" | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ------ | + | |
- | Usenet News | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Original from: chip@count.tct.com (Chip Salzenberg) | + | |
- | [Most recent change: 19 May 1991 by spaf@cs.purdue.edu (Gene Spafford)] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The first thing to understand about Usenet is that it is widely | + | |
- | misunderstood. | + | |
- | elephant" | + | |
- | author, more flame wars (rabid arguments) arise because of a | + | |
- | lack of understanding of the nature of Usenet than from any other | + | |
- | source. | + | |
- | people who are on Usenet. | + | |
- | must be by those outside! | + | |
- | + | ||
- | No essay on the nature of Usenet can ignore the erroneous impressions | + | |
- | held by many Usenet users. | + | |
- | falsehoods first. | + | |
- | relevant to Usenet.) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | What Usenet Is | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet is the set of machines that exchange articles tagged with one | + | |
- | or more universally-recognized labels, called newsgroups (or | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | while area, base, board, bboard, conference, round table, SIG, etc. | + | |
- | are incorrect. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Diversity of Usenet | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If the above definition of Usenet sounds vague, that's because it is. | + | |
- | It is almost impossible to generalize over all Usenet sites in any | + | |
- | non-trivial way. Usenet encompasses government agencies, large | + | |
- | universities, | + | |
- | all descriptions, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Every administrator controls his own site. No one has any real | + | |
- | control over any site but his own. The administrator gets his power | + | |
- | from the owner of the system he administers. | + | |
- | happy with the job the administrator is doing, he can do whatever he | + | |
- | pleases, up to and including cutting off Usenet entirely. | + | |
- | la vie. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | What Usenet Is Not | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet is not an organization. | + | |
- | Usenet has no central authority. | + | |
- | There is a vague notion of " | + | |
- | the direction of high-volume news flow. It follows that, to the | + | |
- | extent that " | + | |
- | their " | + | |
- | influence on their neighbors. | + | |
- | circumvent, and heavy-handed manipulation typically results in a | + | |
- | backlash of resentment. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet is not a democracy. | + | |
- | A democracy can be loosely defined as " | + | |
- | the people, for the people." | + | |
- | not an organization, | + | |
- | democracy. | + | |
- | means of enforcing the peoples' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Some people wish that Usenet were a democracy. | + | |
- | that it is. Both groups are sadly deluded. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet is not fair. | + | |
- | After all, who shall decide what's fair? For that matter, if someone | + | |
- | is behaving unfairly, who's going to stop him? Neither you nor I, | + | |
- | that's certain. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet is not a right. | + | |
- | Some people misunderstand their local right of " | + | |
- | to mean that they have a legal right to use others' | + | |
- | what they wish in whatever way they wish, and the owners of said | + | |
- | computers have no right to stop them. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Those people are wrong. | + | |
- | speak; if I choose not to use my computer to aid your speech, that is | + | |
- | my right. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet is not a public utility. | + | |
- | Some Usenet sites are publicly funded or subsidized. | + | |
- | by plain count, are not. There is no government monopoly on Usenet, | + | |
- | and little or no control. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet is not a commercial network. | + | |
- | Many Usenet sites are academic or government organizations; | + | |
- | Usenet originated in academia. | + | |
- | keeping commercial traffic to a minimum. | + | |
- | is generally considered worth carrying, then it may be grudgingly | + | |
- | tolerated. | + | |
- | non-commercial traffic; see comp.newprod. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet is not the Internet. | + | |
- | The Internet is a wide-ranging network, parts of which are subsidized | + | |
- | by various governments. | + | |
- | Usenet is only one of them. And the Internet is only one of the | + | |
- | various networks carrying Usenet traffic. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet is not a Unix network, nor even an ASCII network. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Don't assume that everyone is using " | + | |
- | are Vaxen running VMS, IBM mainframes, Amigas, and MS-DOS PCs reading | + | |
- | and posting to Usenet. | + | |
- | Ignore them if you like, but they' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet is not software. | + | |
- | There are dozens of software packages used at various sites to | + | |
- | transport and read Usenet articles. | + | |
- | be called "the Usenet software." | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Software designed to support Usenet traffic can be (and is) used for | + | |
- | other kinds of communication, | + | |
- | Such private communication networks are typically kept distinct from | + | |
- | Usenet by the invention of newsgroup names different from the | + | |
- | universally-recognized ones. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet is not a UUCP network. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | UUCP is a protocol (some might say protocol suite, but that's a | + | |
- | technical point) for sending data over point-to-point connections, | + | |
- | typically using dialup modems. | + | |
- | kinds of traffic carried via UUCP, and UUCP is only one of the various | + | |
- | transports carrying Usenet traffic. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Well, enough negativity. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Propagation of News | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In the old days, when UUCP over long-distance dialup lines was the | + | |
- | dominant means of article transmission, | + | |
- | had real influence in determining which newsgroups would be carried | + | |
- | where. Those sites called themselves "the backbone." | + | |
- | + | ||
- | But things have changed. | + | |
- | has connectivity the likes of which the backbone admin of yesteryear | + | |
- | could only dream. | + | |
- | long-distance calls and high-speed modems has made long-distance | + | |
- | Usenet feeds thinkable for smaller companies. | + | |
- | pre-eminent UUCP transport site today in the U.S., namely UUNET. | + | |
- | UUNET isn't a player in the propagation wars, because it never | + | |
- | refuses any traffic---it gets paid by the minute, after all; to | + | |
- | refuse based on content would jeopardize its legal status as an | + | |
- | enhanced service provider. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | All of the above applies to the U.S. In Europe, different cost | + | |
- | structures favored the creation of strictly controlled hierarchical | + | |
- | organizations with central registries. | + | |
- | traditional mode of U.S. sites (pick a name, get the software, get a | + | |
- | feed, you're on). Europe' | + | |
- | now face competition from looser organizations patterned after the | + | |
- | U.S. model. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Group Creation | + | |
- | + | ||
- | As discussed above, Usenet is not a democracy. | + | |
- | currently the most popular way to create a new newsgroup involves a | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | proposed newsgroup. Newsgroup Creation, for detailed instructions and | + | |
- | guidelines on the process involved in making a newsgroup. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If you follow the guidelines, it is probable that your group will be | + | |
- | created and will be widely propagated. | + | |
- | Usenet, there is no way for any user to enforce the results of a | + | |
- | newsgroup vote (or any other decision, for that matter). | + | |
- | for your new newsgroup to be propagated widely, you must not only | + | |
- | follow the letter of the guidelines; you must also follow its spirit. | + | |
- | And you must not allow even a whiff of shady dealings or dirty tricks | + | |
- | to mar the vote. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | So, you may ask: How is a new user supposed to know anything about the | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | inexorably to the following recommendation: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If you're a new user, don't try to create a new newsgroup alone. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If you have a good newsgroup idea, then read the news.groups | + | |
- | newsgroup for a while (six months, at least) to find out how things | + | |
- | work. If you're too impatient to wait six months, then you really | + | |
- | need to learn; read news.groups for a year instead. | + | |
- | can't wait, find a Usenet old hand to run the vote for you. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Readers may think this advice unnecessarily strict. | + | |
- | peril. | + | |
- | jump into a society you don't understand with your mouth open. And it | + | |
- | is futile to try to force your will on people who can tune you out | + | |
- | with the press of a key. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If You're Unhappy... | + | |
- | Property rights being what they are, there is no higher authority on | + | |
- | Usenet than the people who own the machines on which Usenet traffic is | + | |
- | carried. | + | |
- | carry alt.sex on this machine," | + | |
- | that order, you have no Usenet recourse. | + | |
- | after all? | + | |
- | + | ||
- | That doesn' | + | |
- | of your site, you may have some internal political recourse. | + | |
- | might find external pressure helpful. | + | |
- | you can get a feed of your own from somewhere else. Computers capable | + | |
- | of taking Usenet feeds are down in the $500 range now, Unix-capable | + | |
- | boxes are going for under $2000, and there are at least two Unix | + | |
- | lookalikes in the $100 price range. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | No matter what, appealing to " | + | |
- | read such an appeal regarding system administration are sympathetic to | + | |
- | your cause, they will almost certainly have even less influence at | + | |
- | your site than you do. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | By the same token, if you don't like what some user at another site is | + | |
- | doing, only the administrator and/or owner of that site have any | + | |
- | authority to do anything about it. Persuade them that the user in | + | |
- | question is a problem for them, and they might do something (if they | + | |
- | feel like it). If the user in question is the administrator or owner | + | |
- | of the site from which he or she posts, forget it; you can't win. | + | |
- | Arrange for your newsreading software to ignore articles from him or | + | |
- | her if you can, and chalk one up to experience. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The History of Usenet (The ABCs) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In the beginning, there were conversations, | + | |
- | came Usenet in 1979, shortly after the release of V7 Unix with UUCP; | + | |
- | and it was better. | + | |
- | Carolina, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis, thought of hooking computers | + | |
- | together to exchange information with the Unix community. | + | |
- | Bellovin, a grad student at the University of North Carolina, put | + | |
- | together the first version of the news software using shell scripts | + | |
- | and installed it on the first two sites: unc and duke. At the | + | |
- | beginning of 1980 the network consisted of those two sites and phs | + | |
- | (another machine at Duke), and was described at the January 1980 | + | |
- | Usenix conference in Boulder, CO. {The Usenix conferences are | + | |
- | semi-annual meetings where members | + | |
- | group of Unix enthusiasts, | + | |
- | later rewrote the scripts into C programs, but they were never | + | |
- | released beyond unc and duke. Shortly thereafter, Steve Daniel did | + | |
- | another implementation in the C programming language for public | + | |
- | distribution. | + | |
- | became the " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In 1981 at the University of California at Berkeley, grad student Mark | + | |
- | Horton and high school student Matt Glickman rewrote the news software | + | |
- | to add functionality and to cope with the ever increasing volume of | + | |
- | news---" | + | |
- | day. This rewrite was the " | + | |
- | release was version 2.1 in 1982; all versions before 2.1 were | + | |
- | considered in beta test. As The Net grew, the news software was | + | |
- | expanded and modified. | + | |
- | primarily by Mark was 2.10.1. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Rick Adams, then at the Center for Seismic Studies, took over | + | |
- | coordination of the maintenance and enhancement of the news software | + | |
- | with the 2.10.2 release in 1984. By this time, the increasing volume | + | |
- | of news was becoming a concern, and the mechanism for moderated groups | + | |
- | was added to the software at 2.10.2. | + | |
- | by ARPA mailing lists and experience with other bulletin board | + | |
- | systems. | + | |
- | number of changes to support a new naming structure for newsgroups, | + | |
- | enhanced batching and compression, | + | |
- | messages, and other features. | + | |
- | patchlevel 19. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A new version of news, becoming known as " | + | |
- | developed at the University of Toronto by Geoff Collyer and Henry | + | |
- | Spencer. | + | |
- | increase article processing speed, decrease article expiration | + | |
- | processing and improve the reliability of the news system through | + | |
- | better locking, etc. The package was released to The Net in the | + | |
- | autumn of 1987. For more information, | + | |
- | Slow, published in the Winter 1987 Usenix Technical Conference | + | |
- | proceedings. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet software has also been ported to a number of platforms, from | + | |
- | the Amiga and IBM PCs all the way to minicomputers and mainframes. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Hierarchies | + | |
- | Newsgroups are organized according to their specific areas of | + | |
- | concentration. | + | |
- | various areas are called hierarchies. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | comp | + | |
- | Topics of interest to both computer professionals and | + | |
- | hobbyists, including topics in computer science, software sources, and | + | |
- | information on hardware and software systems. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | misc | + | |
- | Group addressing themes not easily classified into any of the other | + | |
- | headings or which incorporate themes from multiple categories. | + | |
- | Subjects include fitness, job-hunting, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | sci | + | |
- | Discussions marked by special knowledge relating to research in or | + | |
- | application of the established sciences. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | soc | + | |
- | Groups primarily addressing social issues and socializing. | + | |
- | are discussions related to many different world cultures. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Groups largely debate-oriented and tending to feature long | + | |
- | discussions without resolution and without appreciable amounts of | + | |
- | generally useful information. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Groups concerned with the news network, group maintenance, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | rec | + | |
- | Groups oriented towards hobbies and recreational activities | + | |
- | + | ||
- | These " | + | |
- | Usenet---this implies world-wide distribution. | + | |
- | actually enjoy such wide distribution, | + | |
- | and Eunet sites take only a selected subset of the more " | + | |
- | groups, and controversial " | + | |
- | sites in the U.S. and Canada (these groups are primarily under the talk | + | |
- | and soc classifications). | + | |
- | the comp.binaries groups because of the typically large size of | + | |
- | the posts in them (being actual executable programs). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Also available are a number of " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | alt | + | |
- | True anarchy; anything and everything can and does appear; | + | |
- | subjects include sex, the Simpsons, and privacy. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | gnu | + | |
- | Groups concentrating on interests and software with the GNU | + | |
- | Project of the Free Software Foundation. For further info on what the | + | |
- | FSF is, FSF. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | biz | + | |
- | Business-related groups. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Moderated vs Unmoderated | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Some newsgroups insist that the discussion remain focused and | + | |
- | on-target; to serve this need, moderated groups came to be. All | + | |
- | articles posted to a moderated group get mailed to the group' | + | |
- | moderator. | + | |
- | reviews the posts, and then either posts them individually to Usenet, | + | |
- | or posts a composite digest of the articles for the past day or | + | |
- | two. This is how many mailing list gateways work (for example, the | + | |
- | Risks Digest). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | news.groups & news.announce.newgroups | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Being a good net.citizen includes being involved in the continuing | + | |
- | growth and evolution of the Usenet system. | + | |
- | involvement includes following the discussion in the groups | + | |
- | news.groups and the notes in news.announce.newgroups. It is there | + | |
- | that discussion goes on about the creation of new groups and | + | |
- | destruction of inactive ones. Every person on Usenet is allowed and | + | |
- | encouraged to vote on the creation of a newsgroup. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | How Usenet Works | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The transmission of Usenet news is entirely cooperative. | + | |
- | generally provided out of good will and the desire to distribute news | + | |
- | everywhere. | + | |
- | UUNET), but for the large part no exchange of money is involved. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | There are two major transport methods, UUCP and NNTP. The first is | + | |
- | mainly modem-based and involves the normal charges for telephone | + | |
- | calls. | + | |
- | over the Internet. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | With UUCP, news is stored in batches on a site until the | + | |
- | neighbor calls to receive the articles, or the feed site happens to | + | |
- | call. A list of groups which the neighbor wishes to receive is | + | |
- | maintained on the feed site. The Cnews system compresses its batches, | + | |
- | which can dramatically reduce the transmission time necessary for a | + | |
- | relatively heavy newsfeed. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | NNTP, on the other hand, offers a little more latitude with how news | + | |
- | is sent. The traditional store-and-forward method is, of course, | + | |
- | available. | + | |
- | other methods have been devised. | + | |
- | connections with their news neighbors, sending news nearly | + | |
- | instantaneously, | + | |
- | incoming and outgoing. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The transmission of a Usenet article is centered around the unique | + | |
- | Message-ID: header. | + | |
- | neighbor, it says it has that specific Message ID. If the neighbor | + | |
- | finds it hasn't received the article yet, it tells the feed to send it | + | |
- | through; this is repeated for each and every article that's waiting | + | |
- | for the neighbor. | + | |
- | receiving five copies of an article from each of its five news | + | |
- | neighbors, for example. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Further information on how Usenet works with relation to the various | + | |
- | transports is available in the documentation for the Cnews and NNTP | + | |
- | packages, as well as in RFC-1036, the Standard for Interchange of | + | |
- | USENET Messages and RFC-977, Network News Transfer Protocol: A | + | |
- | Proposed Standard for the Stream-Based Transmission of News. The | + | |
- | RFCs do tend to be rather dry reading, particularly to the new user. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Mail Gateways | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A natural progression is for Usenet | + | |
- | to somehow become merged---which they have, in the form of news | + | |
- | gateways. | + | |
- | only to the readership of the list, but also into a newsgroup. | + | |
- | Likewise, posts to a newsgroup can be sent to the moderator of the | + | |
- | mailing list, or to the entire mailing list. Some examples of this in | + | |
- | action are comp.risks (the Risks Digest) and | + | |
- | comp.dcom.telecom (the Telecom Digest). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | This method of propagating mailing list traffic has helped solve the | + | |
- | problem of a single message being delivered to a number of people at | + | |
- | the same site---instead, | + | |
- | Also, mailing list maintenance is lowered substantially, | + | |
- | moderators don't have to be constantly removing and adding users to | + | |
- | and from the list. Instead, the people can read and not read the | + | |
- | newsgroup at their leisure. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | from "Dear Emily Postnews" | + | |
- | Usenet "Netiquette" | + | |
- | + | ||
- | There are many traditions with Usenet, not the least of which is | + | |
- | dubbed netiquette---being polite and considerate of others. | + | |
- | you follow a few basic guidelines, you, and everyone that reads your | + | |
- | posts, will be much happier in the long run. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | At the end of most articles is a small blurb called a person's | + | |
- | signature. | + | |
- | person's login directory---it will vary for other operating systems. | + | |
- | It exists to provide information about how to get in touch with the | + | |
- | person posting the article, including their email address, phone | + | |
- | number, address, or where they' | + | |
- | become the graffiti of computers. | + | |
- | philosophical quotes, even advertisements in their " | + | |
- | (Note, however, that advertising in your signature will more often | + | |
- | than not get you flamed until you take it out.) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Four lines will suffice---more is just extra garbage for Usenet sites | + | |
- | to carry along with your article, which is supposed to be the intended | + | |
- | focus of the reader. | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | even more, including elaborate ASCII drawings of their hand-written | + | |
- | signature or faces or even the space shuttle. | + | |
- | cute, and will bother people to no end. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Similarly, it's not necessary to include your signature---if you | + | |
- | forget to append it to an article, don't worry about it. The | + | |
- | article' | + | |
- | you should want to say. Don't re-post the article just to include the | + | |
- | signature. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If mail to a person doesn' | + | |
- | to a newsgroup. | + | |
- | group is very high, all of the other people reading the articles don' | + | |
- | give a whit what you have to say to Jim Morrison. | + | |
- | person to post again and double-check the address, or get in touch | + | |
- | with your system administrator and see if it's a problem with local | + | |
- | email delivery. | + | |
- | having problems, in which case it's just necessary to wait until | + | |
- | things return to normal before contacting Jim. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Posting Mail | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In the interests of privacy, it's considered extremely bad taste to post | + | |
- | any email that someone may have sent, unless they explicitly give you | + | |
- | permission to redistribute it. While the legal issues can be heavily | + | |
- | debated, most everyone agrees that email should be treated as anything | + | |
- | one would receive via normal snailmail, {The slang for the normal land and air | + | |
- | postal service.} , with all of the assumed rights that are carried with it. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Test Messages | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Many people, particularly new users, want to try out posting before | + | |
- | actually taking part in discussions. | + | |
- | messages out is the most difficult part of Usenet. | + | |
- | many, many users find it necessary to post their tests to " | + | |
- | groups (for example, news.admin or comp.mail.misc). | + | |
- | considered a major netiquette faux pas in the Usenet world. There are | + | |
- | a number of groups available, called test groups, that exist solely | + | |
- | for the purpose of trying out a news system, reader, or even new | + | |
- | signature. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | alt.test | + | |
- | gnu.gnusenet.test | + | |
- | misc.test | + | |
- | + | ||
- | some of which will generate auto-magic replies to your posts to | + | |
- | let you know they made it through. | + | |
- | Usenet that frequent the test groups to help new users out. They | + | |
- | respond to the posts, often including the article so the poster can | + | |
- | see how it got to the person' | + | |
- | have test groups, like phl.test in Philadelphia. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | By all means, experiment and test---just do it in its proper place. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Famous People Appearing | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Every once in a while, someone says that a celebrity is accessible | + | |
- | through "The Net"; or, even more entertaining, | + | |
- | to appear to be coming from that celebrity. | + | |
- | Spielberg---the rec.arts.movies readership was in an uproar for | + | |
- | two weeks following a couple of posts supposedly made by Mr. | + | |
- | Spielberg. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | There are a few well-known people that are acquainted with | + | |
- | Usenet and computers in general---but the overwhelming majority are | + | |
- | just normal people. | + | |
- | personality is " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Summaries | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Authors of articles occasionally say that readers should reply by | + | |
- | mail and they' | + | |
- | that---reply via mail. Responding with a followup article to such an | + | |
- | article defeats the intention of the author. | + | |
- | will post one article containing the highlights of the responses she | + | |
- | received. | + | |
- | read what you have to say. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | When creating a summary of the replies to a post, try to make it as | + | |
- | reader-friendly as possible. | + | |
- | received into one big file. Rather, take some time and edit the | + | |
- | messages into a form that contains the essential information that | + | |
- | other readers would be interested in. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Also, sometimes people will respond but request to remain anonymous | + | |
- | (one example is the employees of a corporation that feel the | + | |
- | information' | + | |
- | themselves from political backlash). | + | |
- | request accordingly by listing the From: address as | + | |
- | anonymous or (Address withheld by request). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Quoting | + | |
- | + | ||
- | When following up to an article, many newsreaders provide the facility | + | |
- | to quote the original article with each line prefixed by > | + | |
- | , as in | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In article < | + | |
- | > I agree, I think that basketweaving' | + | |
- | > particularly in Pennsylvania. | + | |
- | > in PA that currently engages in it publicly: | + | |
- | line ... etc ... | + | |
- | + | ||
- | This is a severe example (potentially a horribly long article), but | + | |
- | proves a point. | + | |
- | isn't directly applicable to your reply. {But not changing their | + | |
- | words, of course. } This gives the reader of the new article a better | + | |
- | idea of what points you were addressing. | + | |
- | article, you'll only annoy those reading it. Also, signatures in the | + | |
- | original aren't necessary; the readers already know who wrote it (by | + | |
- | the attribution). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Avoid being tedious with responses---rather than pick apart an | + | |
- | article, address it in parts or as a whole. | + | |
- | each and every word in an article only proves that the person | + | |
- | responding has absolutely nothing better to do with his time. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If a " | + | |
- | and forth), take it into email---exchange email with the person | + | |
- | you're arguing with. No one enjoys watching people bicker | + | |
- | incessantly. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Crossposting | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Newsgroups: line isn't limited to just one group---an | + | |
- | article can be posted in a list of groups. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | posts the article to both the groups sci.space and | + | |
- | comp.simulation. It's usually safe to crosspost to up to three | + | |
- | or four groups. | + | |
- | noise." | + | |
- | + | ||
- | It's also suggested that if an article is crossposted a | + | |
- | Followup-To: | + | |
- | which all additional discussion should be directed to. For the above | + | |
- | example a possible Followup-To: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Followup-To: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | which would make all followups automatically be posted to just | + | |
- | sci.space, rather than both sci.space and comp.simulation. | + | |
- | response made with a newsreader' | + | |
- | the person posting the article no matter what, there' | + | |
- | mechanism worked in to accommodate. | + | |
- | contain the single word poster: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Followup-To: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Certain newsreaders will use this to sense that a reply should never | + | |
- | be posted back onto The Net. This is often used with questions that | + | |
- | will yield a summary of information later, a vote, or an | + | |
- | advertisement. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Recent News | + | |
- | + | ||
- | One should avoid posting " | + | |
- | crash, or whatever people will see on the evening news or read in the | + | |
- | morning paper. | + | |
- | Usenet, the " | + | |
- | (This is one case for the argument that Usenet news is a misnomer. | + | |
- | {Note that the Clarinet News service (Clarinet) offers news items in | + | |
- | a Usenet format as a precise alternative to the morning paper, | + | |
- | al.) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Quality of Postings | + | |
- | + | ||
- | How you write and present yourself in your articles is important. | + | |
- | you have terrible spelling, keep a dictionary near by. If you have | + | |
- | trouble with grammar and punctuation, | + | |
- | grammar and composition (found in many bookstores and at garage | + | |
- | sales). | + | |
- | you are on The Net. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Likewise, try to be clear in what you ask. Ambiguous or vague | + | |
- | questions often lead to no response at all, leaving the poster | + | |
- | discouraged. | + | |
- | necessary to let people help you, but keep it within limits. | + | |
- | instance, you should probably include the operating system of your | + | |
- | computer in the post if it's needed, but don't tell everybody what | + | |
- | peripherals you have hanging off of it. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Useful Subjects | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Subject: line of an article is what will first attract | + | |
- | people to read it---if it's vague or doesn' | + | |
- | within, no one will read the article. | + | |
- | Subject: lines that' | + | |
- | example: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Subject: Building Emacs on a Sun Sparc under 4.1 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Subject: Tryin' to find Waldo in NJ. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Bad | + | |
- | Subject: I can't get emacs to work !!! | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Bad | + | |
- | Subject: I'm desperately in search of the honorable Mr. Waldo in the state | + | |
- | of... | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Simply put, try to think of what will best help the reader when he or | + | |
- | she encounters your article in a newsreading session. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Tone of Voice | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Since common computers can't portray the inflection or tone in a | + | |
- | person' | + | |
- | response to them. If you say | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | you'll definitely get some responses---telling you to take a leap. | + | |
- | Rather than be inflammatory, | + | |
- | rationally expresses your opinion, like | + | |
- | + | ||
- | What' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | which presents yourself as a much more level-headed individual. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Also, what case (upper or lower) you use can indicate how you' | + | |
- | trying to speak---netiquette dictates that if you USE ALL CAPITAL | + | |
- | LETTERS, people will think you're " | + | |
- | a normal letter to a friend, following traditional rules of English | + | |
- | (or whatever language you happen to speak). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Computer Religion | + | |
- | + | ||
- | No matter what kind of computer a person is using, theirs is always | + | |
- | the best and most efficient of them all. Posting articles | + | |
- | asking questions like What computer should I buy? An Atari ST or an | + | |
- | Amiga? will lead only to fervent arguments over the merits and | + | |
- | drawbacks of each brand. | + | |
- | group, or do some research of your own like reading some magazine | + | |
- | reviews. | + | |
- | a moot point. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Anatomy of an Article | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Frequently Asked Questions | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A number of groups include Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) lists, | + | |
- | which give the answers to questions or points that have been raised | + | |
- | time and time again in a newsgroup. | + | |
- | down on the redundant traffic in a group. | + | |
- | newsgroup alt.tv.simpsons, | + | |
- | that there' | + | |
- | Simpsons episode? | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usually, FAQ lists are posted at the beginning of each month, and are | + | |
- | set to expire one month later (when, supposedly, the next FAQ will be | + | |
- | published). | + | |
- | which is used as a Usenet repository for them. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Pit-Manager Archive | + | |
- | + | ||
- | MIT, with Jonathan Kamens, has graciously dedicated a machine to the | + | |
- | archiving and storage of the various periodic postings that are | + | |
- | peppered throughout the various Usenet groups. To access them, FTP to | + | |
- | the system pit-manager.mit.edu and look in the directory | + | |
- | / | + | |
- | + | ||
- | "Be it true or false, so it be news." | + | |
- | Ben Jonson, News from the New World | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ----- | + | |
- | Telnet | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Telnet is the main Internet protocol for creating a connection | + | |
- | with a remote machine. | + | |
- | computer system and do work on another, which may be across the street | + | |
- | or thousands of miles away. Where modems are limited, in the majority, | + | |
- | by the quality of telephone lines and a single connection, telnet | + | |
- | provides a connection that's error-free and nearly always faster than | + | |
- | the latest conventional modems. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Using Telnet | + | |
- | + | ||
- | As with FTP (Anonymous FTP), the actual command for negotiating a telnet | + | |
- | connection varies from system to system. | + | |
- | telnet itself, though. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | telnet somewhere.domain | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To be safe, we'll use your local system as a working example. | + | |
- | you hopefully know your site's domain name. If not, ask or try | + | |
- | to figure it out. You'll not get by without it. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To open the connection, type | + | |
- | + | ||
- | telnet your.system.name | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If the system were wubba.cs.widener.edu, | + | |
- | command would look like | + | |
- | + | ||
- | telnet wubba.cs.widener.edu | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The system will respond with something similar to | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Trying 147.31.254.999... | + | |
- | Connected to wubba.cs.widener.edu. | + | |
- | Escape character is ' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The escape character, in this example ^] (Control-]), | + | |
- | character that will let you go back to the local system to close the | + | |
- | connection, suspend it, etc. To close this connection, the user | + | |
- | would type ^], and respond to the telnet> prompt with the command | + | |
- | close. | + | |
- | specific commands, functions, and escape character that can be used. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Telnet Ports | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Many telnet clients also include a third option, the port on | + | |
- | which the connection should take place. | + | |
- | default telnet port; the user never has to think about it. But | + | |
- | sometimes it's desirable to telnet to a different port on a system, | + | |
- | where there may be a service available, or to aid in debugging a | + | |
- | problem. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | telnet somewhere.domain port | + | |
- | + | ||
- | will connect the user to the given port on the system | + | |
- | somewhere.domain. | + | |
- | facilities to the general Internet community; other services are also | + | |
- | available. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | telnet martini.eecs.umich.edu 3000 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | to connect to the geographic server at the University of Michigan | + | |
- | (Geographic Server). | + | |
- | same usage. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Publicly Accessible Libraries | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Over the last several years, most university libraries have switched | + | |
- | from a manual (card) catalog system to computerized library catalogs. | + | |
- | The automated systems provide users with easily accessible and | + | |
- | up-to-date information about the books available in these libraries. | + | |
- | This has been further improved upon with the advent of local area | + | |
- | networks, dialup modems, and wide area networks. | + | |
- | check on our local library' | + | |
- | around the world! | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Many, many institutions of higher learning have made their library | + | |
- | catalogs available for searching by anyone on the Internet. | + | |
- | include Boston University, the Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries | + | |
- | (CARL), and London University King's College. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To include a listing of some of the existing sites would not only be | + | |
- | far too long for this document, it would soon be out of date. | + | |
- | Instead, several lists are being maintained and are available either | + | |
- | by mail or via FTP. Also, the Internet Resource Guide (IRG) also | + | |
- | describes a few libraries that are accessible---IRG for further | + | |
- | information. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Art St. George and Ron Larsen are maintaining a list of | + | |
- | Internet-accessible libraries and databases often referred to as | + | |
- | "the St. George directory." | + | |
- | but has expanded to include sections on campus-wide information | + | |
- | systems, and even bulletin board systems that are not on the | + | |
- | Internet. | + | |
- | are free, those that charge, and international (i.e. non-U.S.) | + | |
- | catalogs; they are arranged by state, province, or country within | + | |
- | each section. | + | |
- | some of the library catalogs. It's available for FTP (Anonymous FTP) | + | |
- | on nic.cerf.net in the directory | + | |
- | cerfnet/ | + | |
- | a date suffix; check for the most current date. The information is | + | |
- | updated periodically. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Billy Barron, Systems Manager at the University of North Texas, | + | |
- | produces a directory as an aid to his user community. | + | |
- | the St. George guide by providing a standard format for all systems | + | |
- | which lists the Internet address, login instructions, | + | |
- | vendor, and logoff information. | + | |
- | organization name. It's available for FTP on vaxb.acs.unt.edu in the | + | |
- | subdirectory library as the file libraries.txt. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | For announcements of new libraries being available and discussion on | + | |
- | related topics, consult the Usenet newsgroup | + | |
- | comp.internet.library (Usenet News to learn how to read | + | |
- | news). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Bulletin Board Systems | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Cleveland Freenet | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Freenets are open-access, | + | |
- | system is the Cleveland Freenet, sponsored by CWRU (Case Western | + | |
- | Reserve University). | + | |
- | part in the exciting project---that of a National Telecomputing Public | + | |
- | Network, where everyone benefits. | + | |
- | registration process and no charge to use the system. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To register, telnet to any one of | + | |
- | + | ||
- | freenet-in-a.cwru.edu | + | |
- | freenet-in-b.cwru.edu | + | |
- | freenet-in-c.cwru.edu | + | |
- | + | ||
- | After you're connected, choose the entry on the menu that signifies | + | |
- | you're a guest user. Another menu will follow; select Apply for | + | |
- | an account, and you'll be well on your way to being a FreeNet member. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | You will need to fill out a form and send it to them through the | + | |
- | Postal Service---your login id and password will be created in a few | + | |
- | days. At that point you're free to use the system as you wish. They | + | |
- | provide multi-user chat, email, Usenet news, and a variety of other | + | |
- | things to keep you occupied for hours on end. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Directories | + | |
- | + | ||
- | There are a few systems that are maintained to provide the Internet | + | |
- | community with access to lists of information---users, | + | |
- | etc. They range from fully dedicated computers with access to papers | + | |
- | and research results, to a system to find out about the faculty | + | |
- | members of a university. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Knowbot | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Knowbot is a " | + | |
- | information from the NIC WHOIS database (Whois), the PSI White | + | |
- | Pages Pilot Project, the NYSERNET X.500 database and MCI Mail. Most | + | |
- | of these services are email registries themselves, but Knowbot | + | |
- | provides a very comfortable way to access all of them in one place. | + | |
- | Telnet to nri.reston.va.us on port 185. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | White Pages | + | |
- | + | ||
- | PSI maintains a directory of information on individuals. | + | |
- | list the person' | + | |
- | given. Telnet to wp.psi.net and log in as fred. The White Pages | + | |
- | Project also includes an interface to use Xwindows remotely. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Many universities offer access to information on current faculty and | + | |
- | staff. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Cornell | + | |
- | NC State | + | |
- | Rutgers | + | |
- | U of Maryland | + | |
- | UNC Chapel Hill Telnet to info.acs.unc.edu and log in as info. | + | |
- | Yale | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Databases | + | |
- | + | ||
- | For information on database services, Commercial Databases. | + | |
- | Not all databases on the Internet require payment for use, though. | + | |
- | There do exist some, largely research-driven databases, which are | + | |
- | publicly accessible. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To find out more about the databases in this section, contact the | + | |
- | people directly responsible for them. Their areas of concentration | + | |
- | and the software used to implement them are widely disparate, and are | + | |
- | probably beyond the author' | + | |
- | with your local library---the reference librarian there can provide | + | |
- | information on conventional resources, and possibly even those | + | |
- | available over the Internet (they are becoming more common). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries (CARL) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries (CARL), in association | + | |
- | with CARL Systems Inc., operates a public access catalog of services. | + | |
- | Offered are a number of library databases, including searches for | + | |
- | government periodicals, | + | |
- | and access to to other library databases around the country. | + | |
- | services are available to CARL members including an online | + | |
- | encyclopedia. | + | |
- | more details. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | PENpages | + | |
- | + | ||
- | PENpages is an agriculturally-oriented database administered by | + | |
- | Pennsylvania State University. | + | |
- | provided by numerous sources including the Pennsylvania Dept. of | + | |
- | Agriculture, | + | |
- | guide users to information ranging from cattle and agricultural | + | |
- | prices to current weather information, | + | |
- | agricultural news from around the nation. | + | |
- | also allows users to search the database for related information and | + | |
- | articles. | + | |
- | recent additions is displayed after login. | + | |
- | and log in as the user PNOTPA. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Clemson Univ. Forestry & Agricultural Network | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Clemson maintains a database similar to PENpages in content, but the | + | |
- | information provided tends to be localized to the Southeastern United | + | |
- | States. | + | |
- | food, family, and human resources. | + | |
- | log in as PUBLIC. | + | |
- | VT terminal). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | University of Maryland Info Database | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Computer Science department of the University of Maryland | + | |
- | maintains a repository of information on a wide variety of topics. | + | |
- | They wish to give a working example of how network technology can | + | |
- | (and should) provide as much information as possible to those who use | + | |
- | it. Telnet to info.umd.edu and log in as info. The information | + | |
- | contained in the database is accessible through a screen-oriented | + | |
- | interface, and everything therein is available via anonymous FTP. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | There is a mailing list used to discuss the UMD Info Database, | + | |
- | welcoming suggestions for new information, | + | |
- | the system provides, and other related topics. | + | |
- | listserv@umdd.umd.edu with a body of | + | |
- | + | ||
- | subscribe INFO-L Your Full Name | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Listservs for more information on using the Listserv system. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | University of Michigan Weather Underground | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The University of Michigan' | + | |
- | Space Sciences maintains a database of weather and related | + | |
- | information for the United States and Canada. | + | |
- | weather conditions and forecasts for cities in the U.S., a national | + | |
- | weather summary, ski conditions, earthquake and hurricane updates, | + | |
- | and a listing of severe weather conditions. | + | |
- | madlab.sprl.umich.edu on port 3000 to use the system. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Geographic Name Server | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A geographic database listing information for cities in the United | + | |
- | States and some international locations is maintained by Merit, Inc. | + | |
- | The database is searchable by city name, zip code, etc. It will | + | |
- | respond with a lot of information: | + | |
- | elevation, time zone, and longitude and latitude are included. | + | |
- | example, a query of 19013 yields | + | |
- | + | ||
- | 0 Chester | + | |
- | 1 42045 Delaware | + | |
- | 2 PA Pennsylvania | + | |
- | 3 US United States | + | |
- | F 45 Populated place | + | |
- | L 39 50 58 N 75 21 22 W | + | |
- | P 45794 | + | |
- | E 22 | + | |
- | Z 19013 | + | |
- | Z 19014 | + | |
- | Z 19015 | + | |
- | Z 19016 | + | |
- | .. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | To use the server, telnet to martini.eecs.umich.edu on port | + | |
- | 3000. The command help will yield further instructions, | + | |
- | with an explanation for each of the fields in a reponse. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | FEDIX---Minority Scholarship Information | + | |
- | + | ||
- | FEDIX is an on-line information service that links the higher | + | |
- | education community and the federal government to facilitate research, | + | |
- | education, and services. The system provides accurate and timely | + | |
- | federal agency information to colleges, universities, | + | |
- | research organizations. | + | |
- | charges for FEDIX whatsoever. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | FEDIX offers the Minority On-Line Information Service (MOLIS), a | + | |
- | database listing current information about Black and Hispanic colleges | + | |
- | and universities. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Daily information updates are made on federal education and research | + | |
- | programs, scholarships, | + | |
- | research equipment, and general information about FEDIX itself. | + | |
- | access the database, telnet to fedix.fie.com and log in as | + | |
- | fedix. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Science & Technology Information System | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The STIS is maintained by the National Science Foundation (NSF), and | + | |
- | provides access to many NSF publications. | + | |
- | publications can be searched online and copied from the system, which | + | |
- | can accommodate up to ten users at one time. Telnet to stis.nsf.gov | + | |
- | and log in as public. | + | |
- | anonymous FTP. For further information, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | STIS, Office of Information Systems, Room 401 | + | |
- | National Science Foundation | + | |
- | 1800 G. Street, N.W. | + | |
- | Washington, D.C. 20550 | + | |
- | stis-request@nsf.gov | + | |
- | (202) 357-7492 | + | |
- | (202) 357-7663 (Fax) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Ocean Network Information Center | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The University of Delaware College of Marine Studies offers access to | + | |
- | an interactive database of research information covering all aspects | + | |
- | of marine studies, nicknamed OCEANIC. | + | |
- | Circulation Experiment (WOCE) information and program information, | + | |
- | research ship schedules and information, | + | |
- | mailing addresses for oceanic studies. | + | |
- | academic institutions based on research studies is also available. | + | |
- | Telnet to delocn.udel.edu and log in as INFO. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) is an ongoing project, | + | |
- | funded by NASA, to make data and literature on extragalactic objects | + | |
- | available over computer networks. | + | |
- | which contains extensive information for nearly 132,000 extragalactic | + | |
- | objects taken from about major catalogs of galaxies, quasars, infrared | + | |
- | and radio sources. | + | |
- | data (e.g. magnitude types, sizes and redshifts as well as | + | |
- | bibliographic references and abstracts). | + | |
- | name, around a name, and on an astronomical position. | + | |
- | tutorial which guides the user through the retrieval process. | + | |
- | to ipac.caltech.edu and log in as ned. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | U.S. Naval Observatory Automated Data Service | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Operated by the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., this | + | |
- | automated data service provides database access to information | + | |
- | ranging from current navigational satellite positioning, | + | |
- | data, and software utilities. A wide variety of databases can be | + | |
- | searched and instructions for file transfer are given. | + | |
- | tycho.usno.navy.mil and log in as ads. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | "My consciousness suddenly switched locations, for the first time in | + | |
- | my life, from the vicinity of my head and body to a point about | + | |
- | twenty feet away from where I normally see the world." | + | |
- | Rheingold, Virtual Reality p255 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ----------------- | + | |
- | Various Tools | + | |
- | + | ||
- | New and interesting ways to use the Internet are being dreamed up | + | |
- | every day. As they gain wide-spread use, some methods become | + | |
- | near-standard (or actual written standard) tools for Internet users to | + | |
- | take advantage of. A few are detailed here; there are undoubtedly | + | |
- | others, and new ideas spring up all the time. An active user of the | + | |
- | Internet will discover most of the more common ones in time. Usually, | + | |
- | these services are free. Commercial Services for applications | + | |
- | that are commercially available over the Internet. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Usenet is often used to announce a new service or capability on | + | |
- | the Internet. | + | |
- | comp.protocols.tcp-ip are good places to look. Information | + | |
- | will drift into other areas as word spreads. | + | |
- | information on reading news. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Finger | + | |
- | + | ||
- | On many systems there exists the finger command, which yield | + | |
- | information about each user that's currently logged in. This command | + | |
- | also has extensions for use over the Internet, as well. Under normal | + | |
- | circumstances, | + | |
- | logged into the local system, or finger username for specific | + | |
- | information about a user. It's also possible to go one step further | + | |
- | and go onto the network. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | finger @hostname | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To see who's currently logged in at Widener University, for instance, use | + | |
- | + | ||
- | % finger @cs.widener.edu | + | |
- | [cs.widener.edu] | + | |
- | Login | + | |
- | brendan | + | |
- | sven Sven Heinicke | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | To find out about a certain user, they can be fingered specifically | + | |
- | (and need not be logged in): | + | |
- | + | ||
- | % finger bart@cs.widener.edu | + | |
- | [cs.widener.edu] | + | |
- | Login name: bart In real life: Bart Simpson | + | |
- | Directory: / | + | |
- | Affiliation: | + | |
- | Last login Thu May 23 12:14 (EDT) on ttyp6 from channel29.fox.org. | + | |
- | No unread mail | + | |
- | Project: To become a " | + | |
- | Plan: | + | |
- | Don't have a cow, man. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Please realize that some sites are very security conscious, and need | + | |
- | to restrict the information about their systems and users available | + | |
- | to the outside world. | + | |
- | from outside sites---so don't be surprised if fingering a computer or | + | |
- | a user returns with Connection refused. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Internet Relay Chat | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Lamont View Server System | + | |
- | On lamont.ldgo.columbia.edu in pub/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Ping | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The ping command allows the user to check if another system is | + | |
- | currently " | + | |
- | is ping system. {The usage will, again, vary.} | + | |
- | For example, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ping cs.widener.edu | + | |
- | + | ||
- | will tell you if the main machine in Widener University' | + | |
- | Science lab is currently online (we certainly hope so!). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Many implementations of ping also include an option to let you | + | |
- | see how fast a link is running (to give you some idea of the load on | + | |
- | the network). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | % ping -s cs.swarthmore.edu | + | |
- | PING cs.swarthmore.edu: | + | |
- | 64 bytes from 130.58.68.1: | + | |
- | 64 bytes from 130.58.68.1: | + | |
- | 64 bytes from 130.58.68.1: | + | |
- | ^C | + | |
- | --- cs.swarthmore.edu ping statistics --- | + | |
- | 3 packets transmitted, | + | |
- | round-trip min/avg/max = 45/52/66 ms | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | This case tells us that for cs.swarthmore.edu it takes about 46 | + | |
- | milliseconds for a packet to go from Widener to Swarthmore College and | + | |
- | back again. | + | |
- | packet loss that may have occurred (e.g. because of network | + | |
- | congestion). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | While ping generally doesn' | + | |
- | shouldn' | + | |
- | you relatively sure of the other system' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Talk | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Sometimes email is clumsy and difficult to manage when one really | + | |
- | needs to have an interactive conversation. | + | |
- | that as well, in the form of talk. Two users can literally see | + | |
- | each other type across thousands of miles. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To talk with Bart Simpson at Widener, one would type | + | |
- | + | ||
- | talk bart@@cs.widener.edu | + | |
- | + | ||
- | which would cause a message similar to the following to be displayed | + | |
- | on Bart's terminal: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Message from Talk_Daemon@cs.widener.edu at 21:45 ... | + | |
- | talk: connection requested by joe@ee.someplace.edu | + | |
- | talk: respond with: talk joe@ee.someplace.edu | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Bart would, presumably, respond by typing talk joe@ee.someplace.edu. | + | |
- | They could then chat about whatever they wished, with instantaneous | + | |
- | response time, rather than the write-and-wait style of email. | + | |
- | leave talk, on many systems one would type Ctrl-C (hold down | + | |
- | the Control key and press C). Check local documentation to be sure. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | There are two different versions of talk in common use today. | + | |
- | first, dubbed "old talk," is supported by a set of Unix systems | + | |
- | (most notably, those currently sold by Sun). The second, ntalk | + | |
- | (aka "new talk" | + | |
- | talk with another user, it responds with an error about protocol | + | |
- | families, odds are the incompatibilities between versions of talk is | + | |
- | the culprit. | + | |
- | the old talk to install ntalk for their users. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The WHOIS Database | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The main WHOIS database is run at the Network Information Center | + | |
- | (NIC). The whois command will let you search a database of every | + | |
- | registered domain (e.g. mit.edu) and of registered users. It's | + | |
- | primarily used by system postmasters or listowners to find the Points | + | |
- | of Contact for a site, to let them know of a problem or contact them | + | |
- | for one reason or another. | + | |
- | address. For example: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | % whois mit.edu | + | |
- | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) MIT.EDU | + | |
- | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT-DOM) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Note that there are two entries for mit.edu; we'll go for the | + | |
- | second. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | % whois mit-dom | + | |
- | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT-DOM) | + | |
- | Cambridge, MA 02139 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Domain Name: MIT.EDU | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Administrative Contact, Technical Contact, Zone Contact: | + | |
- | Schiller, Jeffrey I. (JIS) JIS@MIT.EDU | + | |
- | (617) 253-8400 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Record last updated on 22-Jun-88. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Domain servers in listed order: | + | |
- | STRAWB.MIT.EDU | + | |
- | W20NS.MIT.EDU | + | |
- | BITSY.MIT.EDU | + | |
- | LITHIUM.LCS.MIT.EDU | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To see this host record with registered users, repeat the command with | + | |
- | a star ('*') before the name; or, use ' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Much better! | + | |
- | administrator) can be used to find out how to notify MIT of a security | + | |
- | issue or problem with connectivity. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Queries can be made for individuals as well; the following would yield | + | |
- | an entry for the author: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | % whois brendan | + | |
- | Kehoe, Brendan (BK59) | + | |
- | Widener University | + | |
- | Department of Computer Science | + | |
- | Kirkbride 219 | + | |
- | P.O. Box 83 Widener University | + | |
- | Chester, PA 19013 | + | |
- | (215)/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Record last updated on 02-May-91. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Included is the author' | + | |
- | and numbers), information on how to contact him, and the last time the record | + | |
- | was modified in any way. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Anyone can register with the whois database. | + | |
- | administrative or technical contacts for domains are registered | + | |
- | automatically when their domain applications are processed. | + | |
- | normal users, one must simply fill out a form from the NIC. FTP to | + | |
- | nic.ddn.mil and get the file netinfo/ | + | |
- | form should be mailed to registrar@nic.ddn.mil. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Other Uses of WHOIS | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Also, many educational sites run WHOIS servers of their own, to offer | + | |
- | information about people who may be currently on the staff or | + | |
- | attending the institution. | + | |
- | implementations include some sort of option or qualifier---in VMS | + | |
- | under MultiNet, it's /HOST, in Unix -h. To receive | + | |
- | information about using the Stanford server, one might use the command | + | |
- | + | ||
- | whois -h stanford.edu help | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A large list of systems offering WHOIS services is being maintained by | + | |
- | Matt Power of MIT (mhpower@stan.mit.edu). | + | |
- | anonymous FTP from sipb.mit.edu, | + | |
- | pub/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The systems available include, but are certainly not limited to, | + | |
- | Syracuse University (syr.edu), New York University | + | |
- | (acfcluster.nyu.edu), | + | |
- | (ucsd.edu), and Stanford University (stanford.edu). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | " | + | |
- | Jonathan Swift, Polite Conversation | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ------- | + | |
- | Commercial Services | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Many services can be accessed through the Internet. | + | |
- | progresses and more outlets for commercial activity appear, | + | |
- | once-restricted traffic (by the NSFnet Acceptable Use Policy) may now | + | |
- | flow freely. | + | |
- | to travel on, businesses are making their move. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Internet Service Providers | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Providers (AlterNet, PSI, etc)... | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Supercomputers | + | |
- | The Internet Resource Guide (IRG) contains a chapter on | + | |
- | computer time that's available for a fee. Rather than reproduce it | + | |
- | here, which would fast become out-of-date as well as triple the size | + | |
- | of this guide, it's suggested that the reader consult the IRG if such | + | |
- | services are of interest. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Electronic Journals | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Association of Research Libraries (ARL) publishes a hard-copy | + | |
- | directory of electronic journals, newsletters, | + | |
- | discussion lists. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | sts, dozens of journals and newsletters, | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | source. | + | |
- | referenced publication or list. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The documents are available electronically by sending the commands | + | |
- | + | ||
- | get ejournl1 directry | + | |
- | get ejournl2 directry | + | |
- | + | ||
- | to the server at LISTSERV@OTTAWA.BITNET. | + | |
- | Listservs for further instructions on using a listserv. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The directory, along with a compilation by Diane Kovacs called | + | |
- | Directories of Academic E-Mail Conferences, | + | |
- | print and on diskette (DOS WordPerfect and MacWord) from: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Office of Scientific & Academic Publishing | + | |
- | Association of Research Libraries | + | |
- | 1527 New Hampshire Avenue, NW | + | |
- | Washington, DC 20036 | + | |
- | ARLHQ@UMDC.BITNET | + | |
- | (202) 232--2466 | + | |
- | (202) 462--7849 (Fax) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The ARL is a not-for-profit organization representing over one | + | |
- | hundred research libraries in the United States and Canada. | + | |
- | publication is available to ARL members for $10 and to non-members | + | |
- | for $20 (add $5 postage per directory for foreign addresses). | + | |
- | of six or more copies will receive a 10% discount; all orders must be | + | |
- | prepaid and sent to the ARL. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Commercial Databases | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The American Institute of Physics maintains the Physics Information | + | |
- | Network. | + | |
- | Advanced Abstracts databases. | + | |
- | boards and several searchable lists (job notices, announcements, | + | |
- | Telnet to pinet.aip.org; | + | |
- | and give registration information. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Some of the databases accessible through WAIS (WAIS) are | + | |
- | available for a fee. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Clarinet News | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Clarinet' | + | |
- | professional news and information, | + | |
- | news, in the Usenet file format. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Clarinet lets you read an " | + | |
- | system; you can get timely industry news, technology related | + | |
- | wirestories, | + | |
- | stock quotes and more. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Clarinet' | + | |
- | and is available via UUCP and other delivery protocols, including | + | |
- | NNTP. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The main feature is ClariNews, an " | + | |
- | gathered live from the wire services of United Press International | + | |
- | (UPI). | + | |
- | their subject matter, and are keyworded for additional topics and the | + | |
- | geographical location of the story. | + | |
- | industry news, box scores, network TV schedules, and more. The main | + | |
- | products of ClariNews are: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | ClariNews General, the general news" | + | |
- | sports, and features, averaging about 400 stories per day. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | TechWire, special groups for stories on science, | + | |
- | technology, and industry stories around them. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ClariNews-Biz, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Newsbytes, a daily computer industry newsmagazine. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Syndicated Columns, including Dave Barry (humor) and Mike | + | |
- | Royko (opinion). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Full information on ClariNet, including subscription information, | + | |
- | available from | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Clarinet Communications Corp. | + | |
- | 124 King St. North | + | |
- | Waterloo, Ontario | + | |
- | info@@clarinet.com | + | |
- | (800) USE-NETS | + | |
- | + | ||
- | or with anonymous FTP in the directory /Clarinet on | + | |
- | ftp.uu.net (Anonymous FTP). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | " | + | |
- | Frederick Copleston, S.J. | + | |
- | A History of Philosophy: Vol 1 Greece & Rome Part II, p95 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | --------- | + | |
- | Things You'll Hear About | + | |
- | + | ||
- | There are certain things that you'll hear about shortly after you | + | |
- | start actively using the Internet. | + | |
- | familiar with them, and they require no additional explanation. | + | |
- | only that were true! | + | |
- | + | ||
- | This section addresses a few topics that are commonly encountered and | + | |
- | asked about as a new user explores Cyberspace. | + | |
- | directly related to how the networks are run today; other points are | + | |
- | simply interesting to read about. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Internet Worm | + | |
- | + | ||
- | from a letter by Severo M. Ornstein, in ACM June 89 Vol32 No6 | + | |
- | and the appeal notice | + | |
- | + | ||
- | On November 2, 1988, Robert Morris, Jr., a graduate student in | + | |
- | Computer Science at Cornell, wrote an experimental, | + | |
- | self-propagating program called a worm and injected it into the | + | |
- | Internet. | + | |
- | the worm came from Cornell. | + | |
- | was replicating and reinfecting machines at a much faster rate than | + | |
- | he had anticipated---there was a bug. Ultimately, many machines at | + | |
- | locations around the country either crashed or became " | + | |
- | When Morris realized what was happening, he contacted a friend at | + | |
- | Harvard to discuss a solution. | + | |
- | message from Harvard over the network, instructing programmers how to | + | |
- | kill the worm and prevent reinfection. | + | |
- | route was clogged, this message did not get through until it was too | + | |
- | late. Computers were affected at many sites, including universities, | + | |
- | military sites, and medical research facilities. | + | |
- | of dealing with the worm at each installation ranged from $200 to | + | |
- | more than $53,000. {Derived in part from a letter by Severo M. | + | |
- | Ornstein, in the Communications of the ACM, Vol 32 No 6, June 1989.} | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The program took advantage of a hole in the debug mode of the Unix | + | |
- | sendmail program, which runs on a system and waits for other systems | + | |
- | to connect to it and give it email, and a hole in the finger daemon | + | |
- | fingerd, which serves finger requests (Finger). | + | |
- | University of California at Berkeley and MIT had copies of the | + | |
- | program and were actively disassembling it (returning the program | + | |
- | back into its source form) to try to figure out how it worked. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Teams of programmers worked non-stop to come up with at least a | + | |
- | temporary fix, to prevent the continued spread of the worm. After | + | |
- | about twelve hours, the team at Berkeley came up with steps that | + | |
- | would help retard the spread of the virus. | + | |
- | discovered at Purdue and widely published. | + | |
- | get out as quickly as it could have, however, since so many sites had | + | |
- | completely disconnected themselves from the network. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | After a few days, things slowly began to return to normalcy and | + | |
- | everyone wanted to know who had done it all. Morris was later named | + | |
- | in The New York Times as the author (though this hadn't yet been | + | |
- | officially proven, there was a substantial body of evidence pointing | + | |
- | to Morris). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Robert T. Morris was convicted of violating the computer Fraud and | + | |
- | Abuse Act (Title 18), and sentenced to three years of probation, 400 | + | |
- | hours of community service, a fine of $10,050, and the costs of his | + | |
- | supervision. | + | |
- | following March. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Cuckoo' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | First in an article entitled " | + | |
- | in the book The Cuckoo' | + | |
- | trying to track down someone breaking into a system at Lawrence | + | |
- | Berkeley Laboratory in California. {See the bibliography for full | + | |
- | citations.} | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A 75-cent discrepancy in the Lab's accounting records led Stoll on a | + | |
- | chase through California, Virginia, and Europe to end up in a small | + | |
- | apartment in Hannover, West Germany. | + | |
- | bureaucracy and red tape, and worked with the FBI, the CIA, and the | + | |
- | German Bundespost trying to track his hacker down. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The experiences of Stoll, and particularly his message in speaking | + | |
- | engagements, | + | |
- | between parties on a network of networks. | + | |
- | peacefully co-exist in Cyberspace is by ensuring rapid recognition of | + | |
- | any existing problems. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Organizations | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The indomitable need for humans to congregate and share their common | + | |
- | interests is also present in the computing world. | + | |
- | exist around the world, where people share ideas and experiences. | + | |
- | Similarly, there are organizations which are one step " | + | |
- | groups; that is to say, they exist to encourage or promote an idea or | + | |
- | set of ideas, rather than support a specific computer or application | + | |
- | of computers. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Association for Computing Machinery | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Association for Computing Machinery (the ACM) was founded in | + | |
- | 1947, immediately after Eckert and Mauchly unveiled one of the first | + | |
- | electronic computers, the ENIAC, in 1946. Since then, the ACM has | + | |
- | grown by leaps and bounds, becoming one of the leading educational | + | |
- | and scientific societies in the computer industry. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The ACM's stated purposes are: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To advance the sciences and arts of information processing; | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To promote the free interchange of information about the sciences and | + | |
- | arts of information processing both among specialists and among the | + | |
- | public; | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To develop and maintain the integrity and competence of individuals | + | |
- | engaged in the practices of the sciences and arts of information | + | |
- | processing. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Membership in the ACM has grown from seventy-eight in September, 1947, | + | |
- | to over 77,000 today. | + | |
- | many colleges and universities endorse student chapters. | + | |
- | frequent these meetings, which tend to be one step above the normal | + | |
- | "user group" gathering. | + | |
- | also available at discounted prices for members of the association. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The ACM has a number of Special Interest Groups (SIGs) that | + | |
- | concentrate on a certain area of computing, ranging from graphics to | + | |
- | the Ada programming language to security. | + | |
- | publishes its own newsletter. | + | |
- | for the discussion of ACM topics. | + | |
- | on reading news. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | For more information and a membership application, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Assocation for Computing Machinery | + | |
- | 1515 Broadway | + | |
- | New York City, NY 10036 | + | |
- | ACMHELP@ACMVM.BITNET | + | |
- | (212) 869-7440 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility | + | |
- | from their letter to prospective members | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The CPSR is an alliance of computer professionals concentrating on | + | |
- | certain areas of the impact of computer technology on society. | + | |
- | traces its history to the fall of 1981, when several researchers in | + | |
- | Palo Alto, California, organized a lunch meeting to discuss their | + | |
- | shared concerns about the connection between computing and the | + | |
- | nuclear arms race. Out of that meeting and the discussions which | + | |
- | followed, CPSR was born, and has been active ever since. {This | + | |
- | section is part of the CPSR's letter to prospective members.} | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The national CPSR program focuses on the following project areas: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Reliability and Risk This area reflects on the concern that | + | |
- | overreliance on computing technology can lead to unacceptable risks | + | |
- | to society. | + | |
- | military systems such as SDI. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Civil Liberties and Privacy | + | |
- | topics as the FBI National Crime Information Center, the growing use | + | |
- | of databases by both government and private industry, the right of | + | |
- | access to public information, | + | |
- | electronic communication, | + | |
- | privacy of computerized information. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Computers in the Workplace | + | |
- | concentrated its attention on the design of software for the | + | |
- | workplace, and particularly on the philosophy of " | + | |
- | design," | + | |
- | ensure that systems meet the actual needs of that workplace. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The 21st Century Project This is a coalition with other | + | |
- | professional organizations working towards redirecting national | + | |
- | research priorities from concentrating on military issues to | + | |
- | anticipating and dealing with future problems as science and | + | |
- | technology enter the next century. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | For more information on the CPSR, contact them at: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility | + | |
- | P.O. Box 717 | + | |
- | Palo Alto, CA 94302 | + | |
- | cpsr@csli.stanford.edu | + | |
- | (415) 322--3778 | + | |
- | (415) 322--3798 (Fax) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Electronic Frontier Foundation | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) was established to help | + | |
- | civilize the " | + | |
- | becoming ever-present in today' | + | |
- | beneficial not just to a technical elite, but to everyone; and to do | + | |
- | this in a way which is in keeping with the society' | + | |
- | traditions of the free and open flow of information and | + | |
- | communication. {This section was derived from eff.about, available | + | |
- | along with other material via anonymous FTP from ftp.eff.org} | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The mission of the EFF is to engage in and support educational | + | |
- | activities which increase popular understanding of the opportunities | + | |
- | and challenges posed by developments in computing and | + | |
- | telecommunications; | + | |
- | + | ||
- | to develop among policy-makers a better understanding of the | + | |
- | issues underlying free and open telecommunications, | + | |
- | creation of legal and structural approaches which will ease the | + | |
- | assimilation of these new technologies by society; | + | |
- | + | ||
- | to raise public awareness about civil liberties issues arising from | + | |
- | the rapid advancement in the area of new computer-based | + | |
- | communications media and, where necessary, support litigation in the | + | |
- | public interest to preserve, protect, and extend First Amendment | + | |
- | rights within the realm of computing and telecommunications | + | |
- | technology; | + | |
- | + | ||
- | to encourage and support the development of new tools which will | + | |
- | endow non-technical users with full and easy access to computer-based | + | |
- | telecommunications; | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Usenet newsgroups comp.org.eff.talk and comp.org.eff.news are | + | |
- | dedicated to discussion concerning the EFF. They also have mailing | + | |
- | list counterparts for those that don't have access to Usenet, | + | |
- | eff-talk-request@eff.org and eff-news-request@eff.org. | + | |
- | an informal arena (aka a normal newsgroup) where anyone may voice his | + | |
- | or her opinions. | + | |
- | for regular postings from the EFF in the form of EFFector Online. | + | |
- | submit a posting for the EFFector Online, or to get general | + | |
- | information about the EFF, write to eff@eff.org. | + | |
- | wealth of information available via anonymous FTP on ftp.eff.org. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The EFF can be contacted at | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Electronic Frontier Foundation, Inc. | + | |
- | 155 Second St. #1 | + | |
- | Cambridge, MA 02141 | + | |
- | eff@eff.org | + | |
- | (617) 864-0665 | + | |
- | (617) 864-0866 (Fax) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Free Software Foundation | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Free Software Foundation was started by Richard Stallman (creator | + | |
- | of the popular GNU Emacs editor). It is dedicated to eliminating | + | |
- | restrictions on copying, redistributing, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The word " | + | |
- | freedom. | + | |
- | your neighbors, so that they can use it as well as you. Second, the | + | |
- | freedom to change a program, so that you can control it instead of it | + | |
- | controlling you; for this, the source code must be made available to | + | |
- | you. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Foundation works to provide these freedoms by developing free | + | |
- | compatible replacements for proprietary software. | + | |
- | are putting together a complete, integrated software system called | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | of the GNU project, emacs, contains a built-in LISP interpreter and a | + | |
- | large part of its functionality is written in LISP. The name GNU is | + | |
- | itself recursive (the mainstay of the LISP language); it stands for | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | When it is released, everyone will be permitted to copy it and | + | |
- | distribute it to others. | + | |
- | source code, so you will be able to learn about operating systems by | + | |
- | reading it, to port it to your own machine, and to exchange the | + | |
- | changes with others. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | For more information on the Free Software Foundation and the status of | + | |
- | the GNU Project, or for a list of the current tasks that still need to | + | |
- | be done, write to gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The IEEE | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Need IEEE... | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The League for Programming Freedom | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The League for Programming Freedom is a grass-roots organization of | + | |
- | professors, students, businessmen, | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | has been lost over the past number years. | + | |
- | to the legal system that Congress intended--copyright on individual | + | |
- | programs. Their aim is to reverse the recent changes made by judges in | + | |
- | response to special interests, often explicitly rejecting the public | + | |
- | interest principles of the Constitution. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The League works to abolish the new monopolies by publishing articles, | + | |
- | talking with public officials, boycotting egregious offenders, and in | + | |
- | the future may intervene in court cases. | + | |
- | picketed Lotus headquarters because of their lawsuits, and then | + | |
- | again on August 2, 1990. These marches stimulated widespread media | + | |
- | coverage for the issue. | + | |
- | activities, as well as help in carrying them out. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | For information on the League and how to join, write to | + | |
- | + | ||
- | League for Programming Freedom | + | |
- | 1 Kendall Square #143 | + | |
- | P.O. Box 9171 | + | |
- | Cambridge, MA 02139 | + | |
- | league@prep.ai.mit.edu | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Networking Initiatives | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Research and development are two buzz words often heard when | + | |
- | discussing the networking field---everything needs to go faster, over | + | |
- | longer distances, for a lower cost. To "keep current," | + | |
- | read the various trade magazines and newspapers, or frequent the | + | |
- | networking-oriented newsgroups of Usenet. | + | |
- | shows and symposia like Usenix, Interop, et. al. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | NREN | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The National Research and Education Network (NREN) is a five-year | + | |
- | project approved by Congress in the Fall of 1991. It's intended to | + | |
- | create a national electronic " | + | |
- | times faster than the fastest available networks (at the time of this | + | |
- | writing). | + | |
- | transfer the equivalent of the entire text of the Encyclopedia | + | |
- | Britannica in one second. | + | |
- | original text of the bill presented by Senator Al Gore (D--TN), is | + | |
- | available through anonymous FTP to nis.nsf.net, | + | |
- | nsfnet. | + | |
- | RFC-1167, Thoughts on the National Research and Education Network. | + | |
- | RFCs for information on obtaining RFCs. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A mailing list, nren-discuss@uu.psi.com, | + | |
- | discussion of the NREN; write to | + | |
- | nren-discuss-request@uu.psi.com to be added. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | "To talk in publick, to think in solitude, | + | |
- | to read and to hear, to inquire, | + | |
- | and to answer inquiries, is the business of a scholar." | + | |
- | Samuel Johnson | + | |
- | Chapter VIII | + | |
- | The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ----- | + | |
- | Finding Out More | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Internet Resource Guide | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The NSF Network Service Center (NNSC) compiles and makes available an | + | |
- | Internet Resource Guide (IRG). | + | |
- | visibility of various Internet resources that may help users do their | + | |
- | work better. | + | |
- | compendium of many resources and can be a helpful reference for a new | + | |
- | user. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Resources listed are grouped by types into sections. | + | |
- | include descriptions of online library catalogs, data archives, online | + | |
- | white pages directory services, networks, network information centers, | + | |
- | and computational resources, such as supercomputers. | + | |
- | describes the resource, identifies who can use the resource, explains | + | |
- | how to reach the local network via the Internet, and lists contacts | + | |
- | for more information. | + | |
- | NNSC. To receive a guide, or to get on a mailing list that alerts you | + | |
- | to when it is updated, send a message to | + | |
- | resource-guide-request@nnsc.nsf.net. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The current edition of the IRG is available via anonymous FTP from | + | |
- | nnsc.nsf.net, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Requests for Comments | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The internal workings of the Internet are defined by a set of | + | |
- | documents called RFCs (Request for Comments). | + | |
- | for creating an RFC is for someone wanting something formalized to | + | |
- | write a document describing the issue and mailing it to Jon Postel | + | |
- | (postel@isi.edu). | + | |
- | commented upon by all those wishing to take part in the discussion | + | |
- | (electronically, | + | |
- | Should it be generally accepted as a good idea, it will be assigned a | + | |
- | number and filed with the RFCs. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The RFCs can be divided into five groups: required, suggested, | + | |
- | directional, | + | |
- | RFC-791, The Internet Protocol) must be implemented on any host | + | |
- | connected to the Internet. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Suggested RFCs are generally implemented by network hosts. | + | |
- | them does not preclude access to the Internet, but may impact its | + | |
- | usability. | + | |
- | those implementing TCP. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Directional RFCs were discussed and agreed to, but their application | + | |
- | has never come into wide use. This may be due to the lack of wide | + | |
- | need for the specific application (RFC-937, The Post Office Protocol) or | + | |
- | that, although technically superior, ran against other pervasive | + | |
- | approaches (RFC-891, Hello). | + | |
- | be required by a particular site, an implementation be done in | + | |
- | accordance with the RFC. This ensures that, should the idea be one | + | |
- | whose time has come, the implementation will be in accordance with | + | |
- | some standard and will be generally usable. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Informational RFCs contain factual information about the Internet and | + | |
- | its operation (RFC-990, Assigned Numbers). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | There is also a subset of RFCs called FYIs (For Your Information). | + | |
- | They are written in a language much more informal than that used in | + | |
- | the other, standard RFCs. Topics range from answers to common | + | |
- | questions for new and experienced users to a suggested bibliography. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Finally, as the Internet has grown and technology has changed, some | + | |
- | RFCs become unnecessary. | + | |
- | however. | + | |
- | new one to obsolete others, the new RFC only contains explanations and | + | |
- | motivations for the change. | + | |
- | whole facility is based may involve reading the original and | + | |
- | subsequent RFCs on the topic. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | RFCs and FYIs are available via FTP from many sources, including: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The nic.ddn.mil archive, as / | + | |
- | xxxx is the number of the RFC. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | from ftp.uu.net, in the directory /RFC. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | They' | + | |
- | service@nic.ddn.mil, | + | |
- | with xxxx being the RFC number. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | " | + | |
- | know where we can find information upon it." | + | |
- | Samuel Johnson | + | |
- | Letter to Lord Chesterfield | + | |
- | February, 1755 | + | |
- | a book of quotes said April 18, 1775 .. the book of Johnson' | + | |
- | said it's 1755; I'll go with the latter. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ------- | + | |
- | Conclusion | + | |
- | + | ||
- | This guide is far from complete---the Internet changes on a daily (if | + | |
- | not hourly) basis. | + | |
- | information to make the incredible breadth and complexity of the | + | |
- | Internet a mite less imposing. | + | |
- | experimentation, | + | |
- | citizen, using the facilities that are available to their fullest. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | You, the reader, are strongly encouraged to suggest improvements to | + | |
- | any part of this booklet. | + | |
- | doubts, or wasn't addressed, it should be fixed. | + | |
- | problems, inaccuracies, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Brendan Kehoe | + | |
- | Department of Computer Science | + | |
- | Widener University | + | |
- | Chester, PA 19013 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Internet: guide-bugs@cs.widener.edu | + | |
- | UUCP: ...!widener!guide-bugs | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | If you are interested in future updates to this guide (aside from | + | |
- | normal new editions), discussion about information to be included or | + | |
- | removed, etc., write to guide-request@cs.widener.edu to be placed on | + | |
- | a mailing list for such things. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | @dots is actually `. . . .' | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | en now I sees de endin." | + | |
- | William Faulkner | + | |
- | The Sound & The Fury | + | |
- | April 8, 1928 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | -------- | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Getting to Other Networks | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Inter-connectivity has been and always will be one of the biggest | + | |
- | goals in computer networking. | + | |
- | one person can contact anyone else no matter where they are. A number | + | |
- | of " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Quantum Services sells access to AppleLink, which is similar to | + | |
- | QuantumLink for Commodore computers and PCLink for IBM PCs and | + | |
- | compatibles. | + | |
- | user@applelink.apple.com. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | AT&T sells a commercial email service called ATTMail. | + | |
- | can be reached by writing to user@attmail.com. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | BIX | + | |
- | Users on BIX (the Byte Information eXchange) can be reached | + | |
- | through the DAS gateway at user@cibix.das.net. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | To reach a user on the commercial service CompuServe, you must | + | |
- | address the mail as xxxxx.xxx@compuserve.com, | + | |
- | xxxxx.xxx being their CompuServe user ID. Normally CompuServe | + | |
- | ids are represented as being separated by a comma (like | + | |
- | 71999,141); since most mailers don't react well to having | + | |
- | commas in addresses, it was changed to a period. | + | |
- | address, mail would be sent to 71999.141@compuserve.com. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Digital sells a service called EasyNet; users that subscribe to it can | + | |
- | be reached with the addresses user@host.enet.dec.com or | + | |
- | user%host.enet@decwrl.dec.com. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The FidoNet computer network can be reached by using a special | + | |
- | addressing method. | + | |
- | FidoNet, his or her email address would be | + | |
- | john.smith@p4.f3.n2.z1.fidonet.org | + | |
- | (notice how the numbers fall in place?). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | MCI Mail | + | |
- | MCI also sells email accounts (similar to ATTMail). Users can be | + | |
- | reached with user@mcimail.com. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Users on the PeaceNet network can be reached by writing to | + | |
- | user@igc.org. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Well | + | |
- | Users on the service The Well can be reached by writing to | + | |
- | user@well.sf.ca.us. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | This table is far from complete. | + | |
- | listed, some services are not (nor do they plan to be) accessible | + | |
- | from the " | + | |
- | investigating the possibility of creating a gateway into their | + | |
- | system. For the latest information, | + | |
- | Inter-Network Mail Guide. | + | |
- | including UUNET; Anonymous FTP, for more information on getting a | + | |
- | copy of it using anonymous FTP. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Retrieving Files via Email | + | |
- | + | ||
- | For those who have a connection to the Internet, but cannot FTP, there | + | |
- | do exist a few alternatives to get those files you so desperately | + | |
- | need. When requesting files, it's imperative that you keep in mind | + | |
- | the size of your request---odds are the other people who may be using | + | |
- | your link won't be too receptive to sudden bursts of really heavy | + | |
- | traffic on their normally sedate connection. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Archive Servers | + | |
- | + | ||
- | An alternative to the currently well over-used FTPmail system is | + | |
- | taking advantage of the many archive servers that are presently | + | |
- | being maintained. | + | |
- | contain commands, and act on them. For example, sending an archive | + | |
- | server the command help will usually yield, in the form of a | + | |
- | piece of email, information on how to use the various commands that | + | |
- | the server has available. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | One such archive server is service@nic.ddn.mil. | + | |
- | the Network Information Center (NIC) in Chantilly, VA, the server is | + | |
- | set up to make all of the information at the NIC available for people | + | |
- | who don't have access to FTP. This also includes the WHOIS service | + | |
- | (Whois). Some sample Subject: lines for queries to the | + | |
- | NIC server are: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Subject: help Describes available commands. | + | |
- | Subject: rfc 822 Sends a copy of RFC-822. | + | |
- | Subject: rfc index Sends an index of the available RFCs. | + | |
- | Subject: netinfo domain-template.txt | + | |
- | Subject: whois widener | + | |
- | + | ||
- | More information on using their archive server can be obtained by | + | |
- | writing to their server address service@nic.ddn.mil with a | + | |
- | Subject: of help. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | There are different " | + | |
- | set of commands and services. | + | |
- | set of commands and services (e.g. index, help, etc). | + | |
- | Be that as it may, one should always consult the individual help for a | + | |
- | specific server before assuming the syntax---100K surprises can be | + | |
- | hard on a system. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | FTP-by-Mail Servers | + | |
- | Some systems offer people the ability to receive files through a | + | |
- | mock-FTP interface via email. | + | |
- | how to FTP. The effects of providing such a service varies, although | + | |
- | a rule of thumb is that it will probably use a substantial amount of | + | |
- | the available resources on a system. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The " | + | |
- | users from the Princeton node PUCC. It was once accessible to | + | |
- | anyone, but had to be closed out to non-BITNET users because of the | + | |
- | heavy load on the system. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In response to this closure, Paul Vixie designed and installed a | + | |
- | system called FTPmail on one of Digital' | + | |
- | decwrl.dec.com. | + | |
- | body of the letter for instructions on its use. The software is | + | |
- | undergoing constant development; | + | |
- | other sites will be encouraged to adopt it and provide the service | + | |
- | also. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Newsgroup Creation | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Everyone has the opportunity to make a Call For Votes on the | + | |
- | Usenet and attempt to create a newsgroup that he/she feels would be of | + | |
- | benefit to the general readership. | + | |
- | creation have evolved over the years into a generally accepted method. | + | |
- | They only govern the " | + | |
- | regional or other alternative hierarchies. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Discussion | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A discussion must first take place to address issues like the naming | + | |
- | of the group, where in the group tree it should go (e.g. | + | |
- | rec.sports.koosh vs rec.games.koosh? | + | |
- | be created in the first place. | + | |
- | (RFD) should be posted to news.announce.newgroups, | + | |
- | other groups or mailing lists at all related to the proposed topic. | + | |
- | news.announce.newgroups is moderated. | + | |
- | the Newsgroups: header, so that it will get mailed to the moderator | + | |
- | only. The article won't be immediately posted to the other | + | |
- | newsgroups listed; rather, it will give you the opportunity to have | + | |
- | the moderator correct any inconsistencies or mistakes in your RFD. | + | |
- | He or she will take care of posting it to the newsgroups you | + | |
- | indicated. | + | |
- | actual discussion takes place only in news.groups. | + | |
- | difficulty posting to a moderated group, he or she may mail | + | |
- | submissions intended for news.announce.newgroups to the address | + | |
- | announce-newgroups@rpi.edu. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The final name and charter of the group, and whether it will be | + | |
- | moderated or unmoderated, | + | |
- | period. | + | |
- | the moderator will be. If there' | + | |
- | points among those in favor of a new group at the end of 30 days, | + | |
- | the discussion will be taken into mail rather than continued posting | + | |
- | to news.groups; | + | |
- | their differences and come back with a proper proposal, and make | + | |
- | a new Request For Discussion. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Voting | + | |
- | After the discussion period (which is mandatory), if it's been | + | |
- | determined that a new group really is desired, a name and charter are | + | |
- | agreed upon, and it's been determined whether the group will be | + | |
- | moderated (and by whom), a Call For Votes (CFV) should be posted | + | |
- | to news.announce.newgroups, | + | |
- | the original Request For Discussion was posted to. The CFV should be | + | |
- | posted (or mailed to the news.announce.newgroups moderator) as | + | |
- | soon as possible after the discussion ends (to keep it fresh in | + | |
- | everyone' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Call for Votes should include clear instructions on how to cast a | + | |
- | vote. It's important that it be clearly explained how to both vote | + | |
- | for and against a group (and be of equivalent difficulty or | + | |
- | ease). | + | |
- | addresses can be used to mail yes and no votes to, providing that | + | |
- | they' | + | |
- | must have a very specific idea of how to get his/her vote counted. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The voting period can last between 21 and 31 days, no matter what the | + | |
- | preliminary results of the vote are. A vote can't be called off | + | |
- | simply because 400 " | + | |
- | votes. | + | |
- | voting period will end---only those votes arriving on the vote-taker' | + | |
- | machine before this date can be counted. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | To keep awareness high, the CFV can be repeated during the vote, | + | |
- | provided that it gives the same clear, unbiased instructions for | + | |
- | casting a vote as the original; it also has to be the same proposal as | + | |
- | was first posted. | + | |
- | that' | + | |
- | vote-taker can be tallied. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Partial results should never be included; only a statement of | + | |
- | the specific proposal, that a vote is in progress on it, and how to | + | |
- | cast a vote. A mass acknowledgement ("Mass ACK" or "Vote ACK") is | + | |
- | permitted; however, it must be presented in a way that gives no | + | |
- | indication of which way a person voted. | + | |
- | create one large list of everyone who's voted, and sort it in | + | |
- | alphabetical order. | + | |
- | no votes, respectively). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Every vote is autonomous. | + | |
- | transferred to another, similar proposal. | + | |
- | the exact proposal that it was a response to. In particular, a vote | + | |
- | for or against a newsgroup under one name can't be counted as a vote | + | |
- | for or against another group with a different name or charter, a | + | |
- | different moderated/ | + | |
- | different moderator or set of moderators. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Finally, the vote has to be explicit; they should be of the form I | + | |
- | vote for the group foo.bar as proposed or I vote against the group | + | |
- | foo.bar as proposed. | + | |
- | intention just has to be clear. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Result of a Vote | + | |
- | + | ||
- | At the end of the voting period, the vote-taker has to post (to | + | |
- | news.announce.newgroups) the tally and email addresses of the votes | + | |
- | received. | + | |
- | the original CFV. The tally should make clear which way a person | + | |
- | voted, so the results can be verified if it proves necessary to do so. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | After the vote result is posted to news.announce.newgroups, | + | |
- | there is a mandatory five-day waiting period. | + | |
- | the opportunity to correct any errors or inconsistencies in the voter | + | |
- | list or the voting procedure. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Creation of the Group | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If, after the waiting period, there are no serious objections that | + | |
- | might invalidate the vote, the vote is put to the "water test." | + | |
- | there were 100 more valid YES/create votes than NO/ | + | |
- | votes, and at least two-thirds of the total number of votes are in | + | |
- | favor of creation, then a newgroup control message can be sent out | + | |
- | (often by the moderator of news.announce.newgroups). | + | |
- | margin or the two-thirds percentage isn't met, the group has failed | + | |
- | and can't be created. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If the proposal failed, all is not lost---after a six-month waiting | + | |
- | period (a " | + | |
- | to news.groups, | + | |
- | a couple of tries it becomes obvious that the group is not | + | |
- | wanted or needed, the vote-taker should humbly step back and accept | + | |
- | the opinion of the majority. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | -------- | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Glossary | + | |
- | + | ||
- | This glossary is only a tiny subset of all of the various terms and | + | |
- | other things that people regularly use on The Net. For a more | + | |
- | complete (and very entertaining) reference, it's suggested you get a | + | |
- | copy of The New Hacker' | + | |
- | text file called the Jargon File. Edited by Eric Raymond | + | |
- | (eric@snark.thyrsus.com), | + | |
- | Cambridge, Massachusetts, | + | |
- | Also see RFC-1208, A Glossary of Networking Terms. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | :-) | + | |
- | This odd symbol is one of the ways a person can portray " | + | |
- | the very flat medium of computers---by using " | + | |
- | `metacommunication', | + | |
- | the obvious to the obscure. | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | Smilies are also used to denote sarcasm. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Network addresses are usually of two types: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | the physical or hardware address of a network interface card; for | + | |
- | ethernet this 48-bit address might be 0260.8C00.7666. | + | |
- | address is used to forward packets within a physical network. | + | |
- | Fortunately, | + | |
- | addresses since they are automatically handled by the networking | + | |
- | software. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The logical or Internet address is used to facilitate moving data | + | |
- | between physical networks. | + | |
- | network number, a subnetwork number, and a host number. | + | |
- | computer on the Internet, has a unique address. | + | |
- | Internet addresses at Colorado State have a network number of 129.82, a | + | |
- | subnet number in the range of 1-254, and a host number in the range of | + | |
- | 1-254. | + | |
- | name. For example, the Internet address for UCC's CYBER 840 is | + | |
- | 129.82.103.96; | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Conversion of an Internet address to the corresponding physical address. | + | |
- | On an ethernet, resolution requires broadcasting on the local area network. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Administrative tasks, most often related to the maintenance of mailing | + | |
- | lists, digests, news gateways, etc. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Also known as "anon FTP"; a service provided to make files available | + | |
- | to the general Internet community---Anonymous FTP. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The American National Standards Institute disseminates basic standards | + | |
- | like ASCII, and acts as the United States' | + | |
- | Standards can be ordered from ANSI by writing to the ANSI Sales Department, | + | |
- | 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, or by telephoning (212) 354-3300. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A service which provides lookups for packages in a database of the | + | |
- | offerings of countless of anonymous FTP sites. | + | |
- | full description. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | An email-based file transfer facility offered by some systems. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) | + | |
- | Former name of DARPA, the government agency that funded ARPAnet and | + | |
- | later the DARPA Internet. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A pioneering long haul network funded by ARPA. It | + | |
- | served as the basis for early networking research as well as a | + | |
- | central backbone during the development of the Internet. | + | |
- | ARPAnet consisted of individual packet switching computers | + | |
- | interconnected by leased lines. | + | |
- | singular entity. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Transmission by individual bytes, not related to specific timing on the | + | |
- | transmitting end. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Something which happens pseudo-automatically, | + | |
- | complex to go into any further than to say it happens " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A high-speed connection within a network that connects shorter, | + | |
- | usually slower circuits. | + | |
- | as a " | + | |
- | prevalent now than they were ten years ago). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The capacity of a medium to transmit a signal. | + | |
- | mythical " | + | |
- | messages of those that use it. Some view certain kinds of traffic | + | |
- | (FTPing hundreds of graphics images, for example) as a "waste of | + | |
- | bandwidth" | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | An NJE-based international educational network. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The return of a piece of mail because of an error in its delivery. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | btw | + | |
- | An abbreviation for "by the way." | + | |
- | + | ||
- | CFV (Call For Votes) | + | |
- | Initiates the voting period for a Usenet newsgroup. | + | |
- | (occasionally two or more) email address is customarily included as a | + | |
- | repository for the votes. | + | |
- | for a full description of the Usenet voting process. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The fee-based Usenet newsfeed available from ClariNet Communications. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The user of a network service; also used to describe a computer that | + | |
- | relies upon another for some or all of its resources. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A term coined by William Gibson in his fantasy novel | + | |
- | Neuromancer to describe the " | + | |
- | society that gathers around them. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The basic unit of information passed across the Internet. | + | |
- | a source and destination address along with data. Large messages are | + | |
- | broken down into a sequence of IP datagrams. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Converting a binary program into human-readable machine language code. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | DNS (Domain Name System) | + | |
- | The method used to convert Internet names to their corresponding | + | |
- | Internet numbers. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A part of the naming hierarchy. | + | |
- | of a sequence of names or other words separated by dots. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A set of four numbers connected with periods that make up an Internet | + | |
- | address; for example, 147.31.254.130. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The vernacular abbreviation for electronic mail. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | email address | + | |
- | The UUCP or domain-based address that a user is referred to with. For | + | |
- | example, the author' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A 10-million bit per second networking scheme originally developed by | + | |
- | Xerox Corporation. Ethernet is widely used for LANs because it can | + | |
- | network a wide variety of computers, it is not proprietary, | + | |
- | components are widely available from many commercial sources. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) | + | |
- | An emerging standard for network technology based on fiber optics that | + | |
- | has been established by ANSI. FDDI specifies a 100-million bit per | + | |
- | second data rate. The access control mechanism uses token ring | + | |
- | technology. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A piece of mail or a Usenet posting which is violently argumentative. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) | + | |
- | The FQDN is the full site name of a system, rather than just its | + | |
- | hostname. | + | |
- | has a FQDN of lisa.cs.widener.edu. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | FTP (File Transfer Protocol) | + | |
- | The Internet standard high-level protocol for transferring files from | + | |
- | one computer to another. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | FYI | + | |
- | An abbreviation for the phrase "for your information." | + | |
- | also a series of RFCs put out by the Network Information Center called | + | |
- | FYIs; they address common questions of new users and many other useful | + | |
- | things. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A special-purpose dedicated computer that attaches to two or more | + | |
- | networks and routes packets from one network to the other. | + | |
- | particular, an Internet gateway routes IP datagrams among the networks | + | |
- | it connects. | + | |
- | delivered to the final destination directly across one physical network. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The portion of a packet, preceding the actual data, containing source | + | |
- | and destination addresses and error-checking fields. | + | |
- | message or news article. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The name given to a machine. (See also FQDN.) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | IMHO (In My Humble Opinion) | + | |
- | This usually accompanies a statement that may bring about personal | + | |
- | offense or strong disagreement. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A concatenation of many individual TCP/IP campus, state, regional, and | + | |
- | national networks (such as NSFnet, ARPAnet, and Milnet) into one | + | |
- | single logical network all sharing a common addressing scheme. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The dotted-quad address used to specify a certain system. | + | |
- | Internet number for the site cs.widener.edu is 147.31.254.130. | + | |
- | resolver is used to translate between hostnames and Internet | + | |
- | addresses. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The ability of multi-vendor computers to work together using a common | + | |
- | set of protocols. | + | |
- | CDC Cybers, etc, all work together allowing one host computer to | + | |
- | communicate with and take advantage of the resources of another. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ISO (International Organization for Standardization) | + | |
- | Coordinator of the main networking standards that are put into use today. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The level of an operating system or networking system that contains the | + | |
- | system-level commands or all of the functions hidden from the user. In | + | |
- | a Unix system, the kernel is a program that contains the device drivers, | + | |
- | the memory management routines, the scheduler, and system calls. | + | |
- | program is always running while the system is operating. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | LAN (Local Area Network) | + | |
- | Any physical network technology that operates at high speed over short | + | |
- | distances (up to a few thousand meters). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | mail gateway | + | |
- | A machine that connects to two or more electronic mail systems | + | |
- | (especially dissimilar mail systems on two different networks) and | + | |
- | transfers mail messages among them. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A possibly moderated discussion group, distributed via email from a | + | |
- | central computer maintaining the list of people involved in the | + | |
- | discussion. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | mail path | + | |
- | A series of machine names used to direct electronic mail from one user | + | |
- | to another. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The material used to support the transmission of data. This can be | + | |
- | copper wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber, or electromagnetic wave (as in | + | |
- | microwave). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The division of a single transmission medium into multiple logical | + | |
- | channels supporting many simultaneous sessions. | + | |
- | network may have simultaneous FTP, telnet, rlogin, and SMTP | + | |
- | connections, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | An inhabitant of Cyberspace. | + | |
- | net.citizen, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A pun on " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A group of machines connected together so they can transmit information | + | |
- | to one another. | + | |
- | remote networks. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | NFS (Network File System) | + | |
- | A method developed by Sun Microsystems to allow computers to share | + | |
- | files across a network in a way that makes them appear as if they' | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | NIC | + | |
- | The Network Information Center. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A computer that is attached to a network; also called a host. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The national backbone network, funded by the National Science Foundation | + | |
- | and operated by the Merit Corporation, | + | |
- | (mid-level) networks such as WestNet to one another. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The unit of data sent across a packet switching network. | + | |
- | used loosely. While some Internet literature uses it to refer | + | |
- | specifically to data sent across a physical network, other literature | + | |
- | views the Internet as a packet switching network and describes IP | + | |
- | datagrams as packets. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Connecting to another system to check for things like mail or news. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The person responsible for taking care of mail problems, answering | + | |
- | queries about users, and other related work at a site. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A formal description of message formats and the rules two computers must | + | |
- | follow to exchange those messages. | + | |
- | details of machine-to-machine interfaces (e.g., the order in which bits | + | |
- | and bytes are sent across a wire) or high-level exchanges between | + | |
- | allocation programs (e.g., the way in which two programs transfer a file | + | |
- | across the Internet). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The facility of a programming language to be able to call functions | + | |
- | from within themselves. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Translate an Internet name into its equivalent IP address or other DNS | + | |
- | information. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | RFD (Request For Discussion) | + | |
- | Usually a two- to three-week period in which the particulars of | + | |
- | newsgroup creation are battled out. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The path that network traffic takes from its source to its destination. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A dedicated computer (or other device) that sends packets from one | + | |
- | place to another, paying attention to the current state of the network. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | RTFM (Read The Fantastic Manual). | + | |
- | This anacronym is often used when someone asks a simple or common | + | |
- | question. | + | |
- | vulgar. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) | + | |
- | The Internet standard protocol for transferring electronic mail messages | + | |
- | from one computer to another. | + | |
- | interact and the format of control messages they exchange to transfer | + | |
- | mail. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A computer that shares its resources, such as printers and files, with | + | |
- | other computers on the network. | + | |
- | System (NFS) server which shares its disk space with other computers. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | When used in reference to Usenet activity, signal-to-noise | + | |
- | ratio describes the relation between amount of actual information in | + | |
- | a discussion, compared to their quantity. | + | |
- | there' | + | |
- | of those articles actually contain anything useful. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The small, usually four-line message at the bottom of a piece of email | + | |
- | or a Usenet article. | + | |
- | ..signature in the user's home directory. | + | |
- | a no-no. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | To encapsulate a number of responses into one coherent, usable | + | |
- | message. | + | |
- | to help reduce bandwidth. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Data communications in which transmissions are sent at a fixed rate, | + | |
- | with the sending and receiving devices synchronized. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A set of protocols, resulting from ARPA efforts, used by the Internet to | + | |
- | support services such as remote login (telnet), file transfer | + | |
- | (FTP) and mail (SMTP). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | The Internet standard protocol for remote terminal connection service. | + | |
- | Telnet allows a user at one site to interact with a remote timesharing | + | |
- | system at another site as if the user's terminal were connected directly | + | |
- | to the remote computer. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A small, specialized, | + | |
- | a LAN through one network connection. | + | |
- | connect to various network hosts. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | TeX | + | |
- | A free typesetting system by Donald Knuth. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | Cable made up of a pair of insulated copper wires wrapped around each | + | |
- | other to cancel the effects of electrical noise. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Program) | + | |
- | A store-and-forward system, primarily for Unix systems but currently | + | |
- | supported on other platforms (e.g. VMS and personal computers). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | WAN (Wide-Area Network) | + | |
- | A network spanning hundreds or thousands of miles. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A networked personal computing device with more power than a standard | + | |
- | IBM PC or Macintosh. | + | |
- | such as unix that is capable of running several tasks at the same time. | + | |
- | It has several megabytes of memory and a large, high-resolution display. | + | |
- | Examples are Sun workstations and Digital DECstations. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | | + | |
- | A computer program which replicates itself. | + | |
- | (The Internet Worm) was perhaps the most famous; it | + | |
- | successfully (and accidentally) duplicated itself on systems across | + | |
- | the Internet. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | wrt | + | |
- | With respect to. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | "I hate definitions." | + | |
- | Benjamin Disraeli | + | |
- | Vivian Grey, bk i chap ii | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ------ | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | What follows is a compendium of sources that have information that | + | |
- | will be of use to anyone reading this guide. | + | |
- | in the writing of the booklet, while others are simply noted because | + | |
- | they are a must for any good net.citizen' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Books | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Comer, Douglas E. | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Davidson, John | + | |
- | An Introduction to TCP/IP | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Frey, Donnalyn, and Adams, Rick | + | |
- | !@%:: A Directory of Electronic Mail Addressing and Networks | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Gibson, William | + | |
- | | + | |
- | Ace | + | |
- | New York, NY | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | LaQuey, Tracy | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Levy, Stephen | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Partridge, Craig | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Quarterman, John S. | + | |
- | The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Raymond, Eric (ed) | + | |
- | The New Hacker' | + | |
- | MIT Press | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Stoll, Clifford | + | |
- | The Cuckoo' | + | |
- | | + | |
- | New York | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Tanenbaum, Andrew S. | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Todinao, Grace | + | |
- | Using UUCP and USENET: A Nutshell Handbook | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The Waite Group | + | |
- | Unix Communications, | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Periodicals & Papers | + | |
- | magazine: Barlow, J | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | 2 | + | |
- | March 1991 | + | |
- | Addresses " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | proceedings: | + | |
- | News Need Not Be Slow | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Denning, P | + | |
- | The Internet Worm | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: The Science of Computing: Computer Networks | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Frey, D., and Adams, R | + | |
- | | + | |
- | UNIX REVIEW | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Gifford, W. S | + | |
- | ISDN User-Network Interfaces | + | |
- | IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications | + | |
- | | + | |
- | May 1986 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Ginsberg, K | + | |
- | | + | |
- | UNIX REVIEW | + | |
- | 45 | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Hiltz, S. R | + | |
- | The Human Element in Computerized Conferencing Systems | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | proceedings: | + | |
- | What is a Domain? | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | June 1984 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Jacobsen, Ole J | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | July 1988 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Jennings, D., et al | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | 28 February 1986 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | paper: Markoff, J | + | |
- | " | + | |
- | New York Times | + | |
- | Nov. 5, 1988 | + | |
- | A1 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | paper: " | + | |
- | New York Times | + | |
- | Nov. 7, 1988 | + | |
- | B10 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: McQuillan, J. M., and Walden, D. C | + | |
- | The ARPA Network Design Decisions | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Ornstein, S. M | + | |
- | A letter concerning the Internet worm | + | |
- | | + | |
- | June 1989 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | proceedings: | + | |
- | Mail Routing Using Domain Names: An Informal Tour | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | June 1986 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Quarterman, J | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | March 1989 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Notable Computer Networks | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | This was the predecessor to The Matrix. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Raeder, A. W., and Andrews, K. L | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | proceedings: | + | |
- | A tour of the worm | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Shulman, G | + | |
- | Legal Research on USENET Liability Issues | + | |
- | ; | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Smith, K | + | |
- | | + | |
- | PC World | + | |
- | | + | |
- | March 1988 | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: Stoll, C | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | 14 | + | |
- | May 1988 | + | |
- | This article grew into the book The Cuckoo' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | proceedings: | + | |
- | The Postman Always Rings Twice: Electronic Mail in a Highly Distributed | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | magazine: U.S.Gen' | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | "And all else is literature." | + | |
- | Paul Verlaine | + | |
- | The Sun, New York | + | |
- | While he was city editor in 1873--1890. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | -- | + | |
- | Bill Walther, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zen and the Art of the Internet, by | + | |
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zen_and_the_art_of_the_internet.1497652372.txt.gz · Last modified: 2017/06/17 07:02 by hkimscil