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| theories [2019/04/08 08:48] – [Philosophical approach] hkimscil | theories [2024/03/21 10:24] (current) – [Edmund Husserl] hkimscil |
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| As you can see, behavioral studies (that was also known as scientific way of learning about human being) became very significant. Also, there was an incident of radio broadcasting -- A big chaos at the East coast in the US, which was known as [[:Mercury theatre on the Air]] ((see, [[research_methods_lecture_note#history_of_communication_research]])) incident. Incidents like the above and development of psychology studies led to [[:magic bullet theory]] which point out that the effect of mass media (film and radio) are immediate and strong ((The word is a mere description of the atmosphere at the time. That is, it was not an exact theoretical term. Also, it is referred to [[:hypodermic needle theory]])). | As you can see, behavioral studies (that was also known as scientific way of learning about human being) became very significant. Also, there was an incident of radio broadcasting -- A big chaos at the East coast in the US, which was known as [[:Mercury theatre on the Air]] ((see, [[research_methods_lecture_note#history_of_communication_research]])) incident. Incidents like the above and development of psychology studies led to [[:magic bullet theory]] which point out that the effect of mass media (film and radio) are immediate and strong ((The word is a mere description of the atmosphere at the time. That is, it was not an exact theoretical term. Also, it is referred to [[:hypodermic needle theory]])). |
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| Also, the period of ''cold war'' was beginning, which means that the period of ''propaganda'' started. Joseph Stalin (and many others) believed that film was one of the most influential methods to teach and change people. This kind of political atmosphere also led to researcher to study **magic power** of mass media. Harold Lasswell was a researcher who believed the potential power of mass media, and wrote __Propaganda Technique in the World War (1927)__. | Also, the period of ''cold war'' was beginning, which means that the period of ''propaganda'' started. Joseph Stalin (and many others) believed that film was one of the most influential methods to teach and change people. This kind of political atmosphere also led to researcher to study **magic power** of mass media. Harold Lasswell was a researcher who believed the potential power of mass media, and wrote __Propaganda Technique in the World War (1927)__(([[amazon>B018F2QKHQ]])). |
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| Film had played a primary role in Soviet propaganda from the very beginning. Sergey Eisenstein pioneered a new genre, "Soviet Montage," in the 1920s. This method manipulates emotions through quick editing and contrasting images. __Battleship Potemkin__ and __Ten Days that Shook the World__ were his two most highly regarded post-revolutionary pieces. Unfortunately, Stalin did not find Eisenstein's work to be "real" enough to fit into the new "Socialist Realism" genre. __Ten Days that Shook the World__ was banned by Stalin. Stalin embarked on a film tradition of his own. | Film had played a primary role in Soviet propaganda from the very beginning. Sergey Eisenstein pioneered a new genre, "Soviet Montage," in the 1920s. This method manipulates emotions through quick editing and contrasting images. __Battleship Potemkin__(({{youtube>_4Qfuzn25sI?small}} Battleship Potemkim)) and __Ten Days that Shook the World__(({{youtube>YVuf3T3k-W0?small}} YVuf3T3k-W0)) were his two most highly regarded post-revolutionary pieces. Unfortunately, Stalin did not find Eisenstein's work to be "real" enough to fit into the new "Socialist Realism" genre. __Ten Days that Shook the World__ was banned by Stalin. Stalin embarked on a film tradition of his own. |
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| Stalin had always been fascinated by the medium of film. Seeing is believing, or so the axiom goes, and to a generation new to film what was on the screen might as well have been happening right in front of them. Of course what is on film is not necessarily true, and therein lies the source of Stalin's love for film. | Stalin had always been fascinated by the medium of film. Seeing is believing, or so the axiom goes, and to a generation new to film what was on the screen might as well have been happening right in front of them. Of course what is on film is not necessarily true, and therein lies the source of Stalin's love for film. |
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| "//Cinema is the art of illusion, yet it dictates its laws to life itself //" - Joseph Stalin | "//Cinema is the art of illusion, yet it dictates its laws to life itself //" - Joseph Stalin |
| Source: http://it.stlawu.edu/~rkreuzer/indv2/confilm.htm | Source: http://ashistory.pbworks.com/w/page/13973641/Question%20on%20Stalin%20and%20Culture |
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| * **Empiricism:** Knowledge is embodied into our mind from the sense experience. It emphasizes the role of **experience** and **evidence**. Only things that are discovered through experience and presented as evidence becomes a solid human knowledge -- this was, once, a way of knowing in (natural) science. --> John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume, etc. see [[wp>Tabula_rasa|Tabula rasa]] | * **Empiricism:** Knowledge is embodied into our mind from the sense experience. It emphasizes the role of **experience** and **evidence**. Only things that are discovered through experience and presented as evidence becomes a solid human knowledge -- this was, once, a way of knowing in (natural) science. --> John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume, etc. see [[wp>Tabula_rasa|Tabula rasa]] |
| * **Idea:** by Plato. What we experience are copies of ''ideal status''. The truth is there; but will never be discovered; since only their copies will be experienced. see [[:Research Methods Lecture Note#s-3.2]] | * **Idea:** by Plato. What we experience are copies of ''ideal status''. The truth is there; but will never be discovered; since only their copies will be experienced. see [[:research_methods_lecture_note#철학적인_접근에서의_이론]] |
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| ====== Elements in (Social) Theory ====== | ====== Elements in (Social) Theory ====== |
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| ====== Conjunctive approach ====== | ====== Conjunctive approach ====== |
| * Putting weigh on the society (the world, the world, the structure, the institutes). | * Putting weigh on the society (the world, the whole, the structure, the institutes). |
| * Assumption: The approach suggests that somehow the whole governs people in how to think; how to act; and how to interact with each other. | * Assumption: The approach suggests that somehow the whole governs people in how to think; how to act; and how to interact with each other. |
| * Structuralism | * Structuralism |
| * story of cinderella vs. congji and patji. | * story of cinderella vs. congji and patji. |
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| | * Durkheim's theory of suicide |
| | * Merton's [[:strain theory]] |
| ====== Attribute approach ====== | ====== Attribute approach ====== |
| [{{:The_Fox_and_the_Grapes_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg?142|The Fox and the Grapes by Aesop }}] | [{{:The_Fox_and_the_Grapes_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg?142|The Fox and the Grapes by Aesop }}] |
| * Main route vs. Periphenral route | * Main route vs. Periphenral route |
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| __[[:Consistency Theory]]__ ((We will discuss this in detail later.)) | __[[:Consistency Theory]]__ ((We will discuss this in detail later.)) [[:Cognitive Dissonance]] |
| Read: | Read: |
| * [[http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000299971|우리가 황우석 교수를 미치도록 믿고 싶은 이유]] | * [[http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000299971|우리가 황우석 교수를 미치도록 믿고 싶은 이유]] |
| * <del>[[http://kr.blog.yahoo.com/psy_jjanga/1456963.html|왜 우리는 현실보다 거짓을 선택하는가? : 인지부조화 이론]]</del> | * <del>[[http://kr.blog.yahoo.com/psy_jjanga/1456963.html|왜 우리는 현실보다 거짓을 선택하는가? : 인지부조화 이론]]</del> |
| <WRAP clear /> | <WRAP clear /> |
| ====== Situated approach ====== | ====== Situation based approach ====== |
| <code>The thing (existence) -- the thing in my mind (knolwedge) | <code>The thing (existence) -- the thing in my mind (knolwedge) |
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| <WRAP clear /> | <WRAP clear /> |
| | ===== Edmund Husserl ===== |
| | [[:Edmund Husserl]]: |
| | <blockquote> |
| | 19세기에서 20세기에 걸쳐 급속하게 발전한 과학과 기술은 전통적으로 철학의 영역이라 여겨지고 있었던 분야들을 자신의 범주로 포함시켰다. 특히 심리학의 형성과 발전은 인지, 정신과 같은 철학 본원의 영역으로 인정 받던 분야 역시 과학의 탐구 대상에서 제외될 수 없음을 보여주었다. 이렇게 과학의 거센 도전을 맞은 철학은 영국, 미국의 철학과 같이 보다 과학쪽으로 다가가거나, 리케르트와 같은 신칸트주의에서 처럼 과학과 철학을 별개의 학문으로 분리하려는 움직임이 있었다. 후설은 앞의 움직임과는 다른 방향에서 과학을 바라보았다. 그는 과학의 근간을 이루는 실증주의를 공격하여 그것이 참된 의미의 객관이 될 수 있는지 물었다. 이러한 실증주의 비판을 통해 후설이 제창한 철학을 현상학이라 한다. - [[https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%8A%B8_%ED%9B%84%EC%84%A4|Edmund Husserl]] Wikipedi Kr. |
| | </blockquote> |
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| | see [[https://brunch.co.kr/@minnation/2300|brunch.co.kr 글]] |
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| ^ ^ ^ ^ | |
| | {{YoungOldWoman01.jpg?152x200}} | {{YoungOldWoman02.jpg?152x200}} | {{YoungOldWoman03.jpg?152x200}} | | |
| Information (from the object to your brain + something else) | Information (from the object to your brain + something else) |
| * something else = consciousness ? | * something else = consciousness ? |
| * + something else -> social and cultural order + individual consciousness ? | * + something else -> social and cultural order + individual consciousness ? |
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| | Phenomenology in philosoph (Edmund Husserl) |
| | * {{youtube>d5geMLe5tbM}} |
| | * {{youtube>h95vUgnFdbk?start=144}} |
| | * Cartesian reality doesn't exist. . . . |
| | * {{:pasted:20240321-102401.jpeg?300}} |
| | * (In the first video), The nature of being and existence = the reality |
| | * The reality could be grasped by and through the structure of conscioussness |
| | * logics and empiricism (Cartesian knowledge) obtain the knowledge of "real." |
| | * affected by "intentionality" or sort of "subjectivity" |
| | * It goes |
| | * into Martine Heideger, |
| | * couscioussness is a product of the historical constext from which it arises and, in turn, one can never approach an object of study in a presuppositionless form. |
| | * In other words, "intentionality" is not an object that can be scructinized or studied alone. |
| | * Reality and conscioussness are co-creations of the two. |
| | * Rabbit-like thing (reality) and rabit created by the person are inseparable from each other. . . . . |
| | * (in the second), Meaning (of the world around us) only comes into existence ina relationship with out own senses, emotions and conscioussness. Therefore the world around us is what interpreation of the world around us actually mean. |
| | * Jean-Paul Sartre |
| | * . . . . |
| | * [[:Post Modernism]] |
| | * {{youtube>5D86_ptqd8I?start=42}} |
| | * In sociology, phenomenology in sociology 혹은 sociological phenomenology (Alfred Schutz) |
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| | ===== Alfred Schutz ===== |
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| | ===== Erving Gofffman ===== |
| [{{:Erving_Goffman.jpg?172|Erving Goffman }}] [[wp>Erving_Goffman|E. Goffman]] | [{{:Erving_Goffman.jpg?172|Erving Goffman }}] [[wp>Erving_Goffman|E. Goffman]] |
| * Dramaturgy or dramaturgical perspective | * Dramaturgy or dramaturgical perspective |
| <WRAP clear /> | <WRAP clear /> |
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| | ===== Harold Garfinkel ===== |
| [{{:Garfinkel09.jpg?172|Harold Garfinkel }}] [[wp>Harold_Garfinkel|H. Garfinkel]] | [{{:Garfinkel09.jpg?172|Harold Garfinkel }}] [[wp>Harold_Garfinkel|H. Garfinkel]] |
| * How come people are not confused about what they refer to? | * How come people are not confused about what they refer to? |
| * Garfinkel and other researchers point to __Indexicality__. Meanings are embedded in the social contexts. Therefore, meanings cannot be studied alone (operationalized scientifically). | * Garfinkel and other researchers point to __Indexicality__. Meanings are embedded in the social contexts. Therefore, meanings cannot be studied alone (operationalized scientifically). |
| * Nevertheless, the some social actions and their meanings are strong -> social orders. | * Nevertheless, the some social actions and their meanings are strong -> social orders. |
| * __Breaching experiment__: Where does the social rules (force, social institution) come from? | * [[WP>Breaching experiment]]: Where does the social rules (force, social institution) come from? |
| Understanding of social orders: -- [[:ethnomethodology]] | Understanding of social orders: -- [[:ethnomethodology]] |
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| <WRAP clear /> | <WRAP clear /> |
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| | ===== Clifford Geertz ===== |
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| [{{:geertz05.jpg?172|Clifford Geertz }}] [[wp>Geertz ]] <WRAP box 50%> Geertz states that we must proceed interpreting a culture’s web of symbols by isolating its elements, specifying the internal relationships among those elements and characterize the whole system in some general way?according to the core symbols around which it is organized, the underlying structures of which it is a surface expression, or the ideological principles upon which it is based. Culture is public because “meaning is,” and systems of meanings are what produce culture, they are the collective property of a particular people | [{{:geertz05.jpg?172|Clifford Geertz }}] [[wp>Geertz ]] <WRAP box 50%> Geertz states that we must proceed interpreting a culture’s web of symbols by isolating its elements, specifying the internal relationships among those elements and characterize the whole system in some general way?according to the core symbols around which it is organized, the underlying structures of which it is a surface expression, or the ideological principles upon which it is based. Culture is public because “meaning is,” and systems of meanings are what produce culture, they are the collective property of a particular people |
