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-~~REDIRECT>repeated_measures_anova~~+See also, [[ANOVA]], [[:Factorial Anova|Factorial ANOVA]], [[:t-test#동일집단_간의_차이에_대해서_알아볼_때|paired sample t-test]] [[:r:repeated_measures_anova]]  
 +====== Repeated Measure ANOVA ====== 
 +Introduction 
 +  * one-way ANOVA for //**related, not-independent groups**// 
 +  * extension of the dependent t-test (one group t-test, repeated measure t-test) 
 +  * also, it is called "within-subjects ANOVA" or "ANOVA for correlated samples" 
 +  * the simplest one is __one-way repeated measures ANOVA__ 
 +  * which requires one independent and one dependent variable 
 +  * the independent variable is categorical (either nominal or ordinal) 
 +  * the dependent variable is continuous (interval or ratio) 
 + 
 +Test Circumstances  
 +  * one subject with repeated measures across a time period (differences of mean scores across three or more time periods) 
 +    * participants being tested with headache drugs such as  
 +      * group A, B, C, placebo  
 +      * across the time periods j, k, l, m 
 +    * testing the effect of a three-month exercise training program on blood sugar level 
 +      * measure blood sugar level at 3 different points (pre-exercise, midway, post-exercise) 
 +  * one subject with repeated measures in different situation (treatments; differences of mean scores under three or more different conditions) 
 +    * e.g., participant (n=30) using and evaluating three web site UI (naver, daum, and google) 
 +    * and rate its usefulness, usability and ease of use 
 +  * data should look as follows: 
 + 
 +^ ^ pre-excerise \\ "sugar level"   ^ mid-term \\ "sugar level"   ^ post-exercise  \\ "sugar level"  ^ 
 +|  a  | 250  | 220  | 150  | 
 +|  b  | 300  | 170  | 120  | 
 +|  c  | 150  | 120  | 120  | 
 +|  d  | 230  | 170  | 160  | 
 +|  e  | 260  | 250  | 250  | 
 +|     | level 1  | level 2  | level 3  | 
 + 
 +Levels = related groups of the independent variable "time" 
 + 
 +^ ^ treatment \\ condition \\ "naver"   ^ treatment \\ condition \\ "daum"   ^ treatment \\ condition \\ "google"   ^ 
 +|  a  | 70  | 60  | 80  | 
 +|  b  | 50  | 70  | 50  | 
 +|  c  | 40  | 50  | 60  | 
 +|  d  | 30  | 40  | 60  | 
 +|  e  | 60  | 50  | 40  | 
 +|     | level 1  | level 2  | level 3  | 
 + 
 +in general, the data should look  
 +^ ^  time/condition  ^^^ 
 +| |  T1  |  T2  |  T3  | 
 +|  s1  |  s1  |  s1  |  s1  | 
 +|  s2  |  s2  |  s2  |  s2  | 
 +|  s3  |  s3  |  s3  |  s3  | 
 +|  s4  |  s4  |  s4  |  s4  | 
 +|  s5  |  s5  |  s5  |  s5  | 
 +|  ..  |  ..  |  ..  |  ..  | 
 +|  sn  |  sn  |  sn  |  sn  | 
 + 
 +You should discern the above from normal ANOVA situation. 
 + 
 +^  ^  group  ^  treatment  ^ 
 +| a |  1  |  70  | 
 +| b |  1  |  50  | 
 +| c |  1  |  40  | 
 +| d |  1  |  30  | 
 +| e |  1  |  60  | 
 +| f |  2  |  60  | 
 +| g |  2  |  70  | 
 +| h |  2  |  50  | 
 +| i |  2  |  40  | 
 +| j |  2  |  50  | 
 +| k |  3  |  80  | 
 +| l |  3  |  50  | 
 +| m |  3  |  60  | 
 +| n |  3  |  60  | 
 +| o |  3  |  40  | 
 + 
 +LOGICS 
 +  * $\text{independent ANOVA: } F = \displaystyle \frac{MS_{between}}{MS_{within}} = \frac{MS_{between}}{MS_{error}}$ 
 + 
 +  * $\text{rep measures ANOVA: } F = \displaystyle \frac{MS_{between}}{MS_{within}} = \displaystyle \frac{MS_{conditions}}{MS_{error}}$ 
 + 
 +주> 
 +  * "between" 이란 단어는 독립적인 그룹 **간**의 비교를 의미하므로, 반복측정(repeated measure)의 경우에는 conditions라는 용어를 사용. 
 + 
 +-- Picture about here -- 
 +{{:pasted:20240501-082722.png}} 
 +---- 
 +{{:pasted:20240513-083858.png}} 
 +---- 
 +  * but, $\text{SS}_\text{{within}}$ can be partitioned as  
 +    * $\text{SS}_{\text{ subjects}}$ and $\text{SS}_{\text{ error}}$ 
 +    * that is, some of the "within variation" are carried along in each individual.   
 +    * Among the two, we can exclude the first from SS<sub>within</sub> 
 +    * and solely use the latter as SS<sub>error</sub> 
 +    * This is to say: 
 +      * in $\text{independent ANOVA: } \text{SS}_\text{{within}} = \text{SS}_{\text{error}} $   
 +      * in $\text{rep measures ANOVA: } \text{SS}_\text{{within}} = \text{SS}_{\text{subjects}} + \text{SS}_{\text{error}}$  
 +    * This means that the term SS<sub>error</sub> will be **__smaller__** 
 +    * But, with this SS<sub>error</sub>, the df is going to be (n-1)(k-1) 
 + 
 +^  subjects  ^  Pre  ^  1 Month  ^  3 Month  ^  Subject \\ Means  ^ 
 +|  1  |  45  |  50  |  55  |  **50**  | 
 +|  2  |  42  |  42  |  45  |  **43**  | 
 +|  3  |  36  |  41  |  43  |  **40**  | 
 +|  4  |  39  |  35  |  40  |  **38**  | 
 +|  5  |  51  |  55  |  59  |  **55**  | 
 +|  6  |  44  |  49  |  56  |  **49.7**  | 
 +|  **Monthly mean**  |  **42.8**  |  **45.3**  |  **49.97**  |   | 
 +|  **Grand mean: 45.9**      ||||| 
 + 
 +We do this (and the below example) with an excel {{:r:repeated_measures_anova_eg.xlsx|spreadsheet, repeated_measures_anova_eg.xlsx}}.  
 +We also require {{:ftable.pdf|fdistribution table}} to determine the null hypothesis test. 
 + 
 +^  Headache Analysis  ^^^^^^^ 
 +| | base   treatment  ||||| average \\ per case \\ (subject, \\ participant)  | 
 +|  ser  | w1  |  w2  |  w3  |  w4  |  w5  | $\overline{X}_{part}$ \\ = average \\ per case \\ (subject, \\ participant)  | 
 +|  1  |  21  |  22  |  8  |  6  |  6  |  12.6  | 
 +|  2  |  20  |  19  |  10  |  4  |  9  |  12.4  | 
 +|  3  |  7  |  5  |  5  |  4  |  5  |  5.2  | 
 +|  4  |  25  |  30  |  13  |  12  |  4  |  16.8  | 
 +|  5  |  30  |  33  |  10  |  8  |  6  |  17.4  | 
 +|  6  |  19  |  27  |  8  |  7  |  4  |  13  | 
 +|  7  |  26  |  16  |  5  |  2  |  5  |  10.8  | 
 +|  8  |  13  |  4  |  8  |  1  |  5  |  6.2  | 
 +|  9  |  26  |  24  |  14  |  8  |  17  |  17.8  | 
 +|  average \\ per week  |  20.78  |  20.00  |  9.00  |  5.78  |  6.78  |  $\overline{X}$ = 12.47  | 
 + 
 +^  Stats  ^^ 
 +|  Mean Total | 12.47  | 
 +|  $\Sigma{X_i}$ | 561  | 
 +|  $\Sigma{{X_i}^2}$ | 10483  | 
 +|  # of week | 5  | 
 +|  # of case (n) | 9  | 
 + 
 +SS<sub>total</sub> = $\Sigma{(X-\overline{X})^2} $ = 3489.2 \\ 
 + 
 +SS<sub>between</sub> 
 += SS<sub>conditions</sub>  
 += SS<sub>weeks</sub>  
 += $n\Sigma{(\overline{X}_{week} - \overline{X})^2}$ = 1934.5 \\ 
 + 
 +SS<sub>within</sub>  
 += $ \Sigma \Sigma{(X_{s_i.t_j} - \overline{X_{t_j}})^2}$  
 += $ \Sigma (411.6, 836.0, 78.0, 93.6, 135.6) $  
 += 1554.7  
 +\\ 
 + 
 +SS<sub>participants</sub> = $w\Sigma{(\overline{X}_{participants}-\overline{X})^2}$ = 833.6 \\ 
 + 
 +SS<sub>residual</sub> 
 += SS<sub>error</sub>  
 += SS<sub>within</sub> - SS<sub>participants</sub> 
 += 1554.7 - 833.6 
 += 721.1 
 + 
 +OR 
 +SS<sub>residual</sub> = 
 += SS<sub>error</sub>  
 += (SS<sub>total</sub> - SS<sub>weeks(between)</sub>) - SS<sub>participants</sub>   
 += 721.1 \\ 
 +\\ 
 +df<sub>total</sub> = N - 1 = 45 - 1 = 44 \\ 
 +df<sub>week</sub> = 5 - 1 = 4 = df<sub>between</sub> \\ 
 +df<sub>participants</sub> = 9 - 1 = 8 = df<sub>subjects</sub> \\ 
 +df<sub>error</sub>= (n - 1)(k - 1) = 8 * 4 = 32 = 40 - 8 = 32 \\ 
 +df<sub>within</sub> = N - k = 45 - 5 = 40 
 + 
 +====== ie ====== 
 +^  시각적 인지점수  ^^^^ 
 +|참가자 | No visual distraction | Visual distraction | Sound Distraction | 
 +|  A  |  47  |  22  |  41  | 
 +|  B  |  57  |  31  |  52  | 
 +|  C  |  38  |  18  |  40  | 
 +|  D  |  45  |  32  |  43  | 
 +====== in r ====== 
 +===== demo1 ===== 
 + 
 +[[https://rcompanion.org/handbook/I_09.html]]  
 +<WRAP box info> 
 +data files in e.gs: 
 +{{:demo1.csv}} 
 +{{:demo2.csv}} 
 +{{:demo3.csv}} 
 +{{:demo4.csv}} 
 +{{:exer.csv}} 
 +</WRAP> 
 + 
 +<code> 
 +demo1  <- read.csv("https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/stat/data/demo1.csv") 
 +demo1  
 +str(demo1) ## 모든 변인이 int이므로 (숫자) factor로 바꿔야 한다 
 + 
 +## Convert variables to factor 
 +demo1 <- within(demo1, { 
 +  group <- factor(group) 
 +  time <- factor(time) 
 +  id <- factor(id) 
 +}) ## 이제 pulse만 제외하고 모두 factor로 변환된 데이터 
 + 
 +str(demo1) 
 +</code> 
 + 
 +demo1 data는 아래와 같다. 
 +<code> 
 +id group pulse time 
 +1 1 10 1 
 +1 1 10 2 
 +1 1 10 3 
 +2 1 10 1 
 +2 1 10 2 
 +2 1 10 3 
 +3 1 10 1 
 +3 1 10 2 
 +3 1 10 3 
 +4 1 10 1 
 +4 1 10 2 
 +4 1 10 3 
 +5 2 15 1 
 +5 2 15 2 
 +5 2 15 3 
 +6 2 15 1 
 +6 2 15 2 
 +6 2 15 3 
 +7 2 16 1 
 +7 2 15 2 
 +7 2 15 3 
 +8 2 15 1 
 +8 2 15 2 
 +8 2 15 3 
 +</code> 
 +이를 정리해보면  
 + 
 +||   || time  |||||||| 
 +||   || t1  || t2  || t3  || mean \\ of the \\ same person's \\ measures  || 
 +|| 1  || 10  || 10  || 10  || 10  || 
 +|| 2  || 10  || 10  || 10  || 10  || 
 +|| 3  || 10  || 10  || 10  || 10  || 
 +|| 4  || 10  || 10  || 10  || 10  || 
 +|| 5  || 15  || 15  || 15  || 15  || 
 +|| 6  || 15  || 15  || 15  || 15  || 
 +|| 7  || 16  || 15  || 15  || 15.333  || 
 +|| 8  || 15  || 15  || 15  || 15  || 
 +|| mean \\ across \\ the time  || 12.625  || 12.5  || 12.5  || 12.542  || 
 + 
 + 
 +<code> 
 +demo1.within.only.aov <- aov(pulse ~ time + Error(id), data = demo1) 
 +summary(demo1.within.only.aov) 
 +</code> 
 + 
 +<code> 
 +> demo1.within.only.aov <- aov(pulse ~ time + Error(id), data = demo1) 
 +> summary(demo1.within.only.aov) 
 + 
 +Error: id 
 +          Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) 
 +Residuals  7  155.3   22.18                
 + 
 +Error: Within 
 +          Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) 
 +time       2 0.0833 0.04167       1  0.393 
 +Residuals 14 0.5833 0.04167                
 +>  
 +</code> 
 + 
 +see {{:r:repeated_measures_anova_eg.xlsx}} 
 +===== demo 2 ===== 
 +see [[:r:repeated measure anova]] 
 +===== Twoway repeated measure anova===== 
 +see [[:r:twoway repeated measure anova]] 
 + 
 +====== reference ====== 
 +  * [[http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/other/dabook/ch12/c12-1.htm|Repeated measures one-way ANOVA]] by Akkelin 
 +    * {{:ezdata.sav|ezdata: SPSS Data file}} 
 +  * http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/courses/c1/chap14/chap14.html 
 +  * https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/repeated-measures-anova-statistical-guide.php 
 + 
 +  * http://rcompanion.org/handbook/I_09.html : This is an excellent example, but, difficult to swallow. 
repeated_measure_anova.1496355960.txt.gz · Last modified: by hkimscil
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